2022 Psychological Science Publications and Grants

* Indicates student co-author

Marjorie H. Charlop, Professor Emerita of Psychology

Thomas, Benjamin R., Caitlyn Gumaer, and Marjorie H. Charlop. “Teaching Basketball Shooting Skills to Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, vol. 34, 2022, pp. 113–125.

Abstract: There are few published procedures for teaching athletic skills to children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study used a multiple-baseline-across-participants design to evaluate the effects of prompting, demand fading, and differential reinforcement, on the basketball shooting skills of four school-aged boys diagnosed with ASD. During baseline, all four boys rarely made correct and accurate baskets at the regulation height and distance for their age-group in youth basketball. Following intervention, all four boys increased their percentage of correct shots and accuracy, compared to baseline, and their shooting skills transferred to games of "P-I-G" with peers.

Gabriel Cook, Associate Professor of Psychology

Krauss, Daniel A., Gabriel I. Cook, Sharda Umanath, and Eunice Song*. “Changing the Public’s Crime Control Theater Attitudes.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, vol. 28, no. 4, 2022, pp. 595-615.

Abstract: Crime control theater (CCT) are criminal justice policies and laws that are widely favored by the public but are demonstrated empirical failures. Across two experiments, this research examines video interventions designed to change the public’s views toward two sexual offender CCT laws—sex offender housing restrictions and sex offender registry laws. In Experiment 1 (N = 217), both factual and narrative-based interventions were successful in lowering participants’ ratings of support but not effectiveness for these policies. However, whereas participants viewed the narrative-based videos as more engaging, coherent, and emotional, these differences did not translate into more significant attitude transformations or learning of the unintended consequences of these policies. In Experiment 2 (N = 133), these findings were largely replicated, and, importantly, the decrease in participants’ support for these policies after the intervention was maintained a week later, with smaller decreases in participants’ ratings of effectiveness evident. Yet, the exact mechanism of these attitudinal changes remains unclear but appears unrelated to their memory for or engagement with the interventions. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

David Day, Steven L. Eggert '82 P'15 Professor of Leadership, George R. Roberts Fellow, Director of Kravis Leadership Institute

Bastardoz, Nicolas, and David Day. “Integrating Leadership and Power: A Micro Process Model.” Leadership: Leaders, Followers, and Context, edited by James Dulebohn, Brian Murray, and Dianna Stone. Information Age Publishing 2022, pp. 289-319.

Abstract: Power and leadership are closely related constructs but tend to be treated independently in the literature. We offer a conceptual framework to integrate their relation. We first review standard operationalizations of leadership and approaches dealing with power (i.e., influence tactics, organizational politics, shared/collective leadership) to highlight important limitations preventing the study of leadership as an influence process toward the achievement of shared goals. Building on these approaches as well as the French and Raven (1959) bases of power, we take a micro lens at the interaction episode and offer a process model of leadership. We propose that leadership occurs when an agent activates a power source in a leading attempt that a target ultimately accepts. We offer propositions regarding characteristics of agents and targets - ultimately leaders and followers when influence towards shared goals occurs - to explain the emergence of leadership. Our approach departs from standard operationalization of leadership by studying leadership as a dynamic influence process, not a position of formal power. In a later section, we discuss how power differences and the stability of the power source can inform the leadership process. We conclude by offering various recommendations to apply our micro process model to the study of leadership.

Stacey Doan, Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Berger Institute for Individual and Social Development

De France, Kalee, Gary W. Evans, Gene H. Brody, and Stacey N. Doan. “Cost of Resilience: Childhood Poverty, Mental Health, and Chronic Physiological Stress.” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 144, 2022, 105872.

Abstract: Childhood poverty is associated with elevated internalizing symptoms. Nevertheless, some children exposed to poverty evince remarkable resilience, demonstrating lower than expected levels of psychological distress. However, recent work suggests that coping with adversity can lead to undesirable physical health consequences. Specifically, successful adaptation in the context of early adversity, including socioeconomic disadvantage, appears to be associated with elevated chronic physiological stress and ill health. The current study adds to this emerging literature by examining in a longitudinal context whether low levels of internalizing symptoms in the face of childhood poverty is accompanied by elevated chronic physiological stress (allostatic load) during childhood, as well as over time from childhood to adulthood. Results (n = 341; M = 9.2 years, 49 % female; 94 % Caucasian) show that childhood poverty was prospectively associated with higher allostatic load during adolescence, controlling for baseline allostatic load. Furthermore, greater duration of childhood poverty led to steeper, more elevated allostatic load trajectories from childhood to adulthood, for youth with lower levels of internalizing symptoms. Efforts to manage adverse sequelae of early adversity likely yield a complex array of benefits and costs.

Doan, Stacey N., Bin Xie, Yutong Zhou, Xiaomeng Lei, and Kim D. Reynolds. “Loneliness and Cravings for Sugar-Sweetened Beverages Among Adolescents.” Pediatric Obesity, vol. 17, issue 1, 2022, e12834.

Abstract: Purpose: The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) is associated with weight gain in both children and adults. In addition to environmental factors, such as food availability, psychological variables, including mood states, also impact intake. In the current study, we focus on momentary associations between feelings of loneliness and craving for SSBs among adolescents and explore the moderating role of family functioning. Loneliness has been associated with a wide range of health outcomes, but to date, few studies have examined its association with cravings for SSBs. Methods: Using an ecological-momentary assessment design, data were collected on 158 (males = 68, mean age = 15.13 ± 2.27 years) participants. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to examine the relations between the main and interactive effects of loneliness and family functioning on cravings for SSBs, independent of other negative emotions. Results: Results suggest that loneliness in adolescents was associated with a small increase in craving for SSBs. Importantly, the relationship held after controlling for negative emotions, suggesting the unique role of loneliness. However, positive family functioning did not mitigate the relations between loneliness and craving for SSBs. Conclusions: Loneliness uniquely contributes to cravings for SSBs. At the same time, family functioning did not buffer the influence of loneliness on cravings for SSBs among adolescents.

Doan, Stacey N. and Jessica L. Borelli. Nature Meets Nurture: Science-Based Strategies for Raising Resilient Kids. American Psychological Association, 2022.

Abstract: Every parent has pondered “nature vs. nurture” questions. How much of my child’s personality and behavior is inborn? How much is learned? This important new book written by behavioral scientists who are also mothers has answers. This book offers the best parenting practices to foster resilience by encouraging children’s social-emotional development and adaptive stress-regulation strategies. The authors translate scientific research into concrete, actionable tips and recommendations to help promote the emotional wellbeing of both child and parent. Authors Stacey N. Doan and Jessica Borelli offer a science-based framework to help show parents and guardians how biology and parenting work together. Although genetics are significant, DNA is not destiny—the die is not cast at birth. Parenting still matters, deeply. Cutting-edge epigenetics research and other recent scientific insights are explained to show that biology and parenting behavior are integrally intertwined. Increasingly competitive schools, looming threats of climate change, and the COVID-19 pandemic have sent many parents’ anxiety spiraling out of control. This affects their kids, creating a recurring cycle of stress and worry. This book is here to help.

Doan, Stacey N., Madeleine Ding*, Anna Beth Burniston*, Patricia A Smiley, Chong Man Chow, and Cindy H. Liu. “Changes in Maternal Depression and Children’s Behavior Problems: Investigating the Role of COVID-19-Related Stressors, Hair Cortisol, and Dehydroepiandrosterone.” Clinical Psychological Science, vol. 10, no. 6, 2022, pp. 1098-1110

Abstract: Few studies have used longitudinal approaches to consider the cumulative impact of COVID-19-related stressors (CRSs) on the psychological adjustment of mothers and children. In the current study, we tracked changes in maternal depressive symptoms and children’s behavioral problems from approximately 2 years before the pandemic (T1) to May through August 2020 (T2). Second, we explored maternal hair cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone as predictors of change in maternal depressive symptoms. Mothers (N = 120) reported on maternal and child psychological adjustment at both time points. Hair hormone data were collected in the lab at T1. Results suggest increases in children’s internalizing symptoms from T1 to T2 and that higher levels of CRSs were associated with increased maternal depressive symptoms. Maternal and child adjustment were correlated. Maternal hair cortisol, but not dehydroepiandrosterone, was associated with significant increases in depressive symptoms. Findings underscore the importance of considering the family system and cumulative risk exposure on maternal and child mental health.

Doan, Stacey N. and Qingfang Song. “Culture, Emotion Socialization and Children’s Inhibitory Control.” Journal of Cognition and Development, vol. 23, issue 5, 2022, pp. 591-607.

Abstract: In the current study, we investigated the relations among maternal emotion socialization practices and children’s inhibitory control (IC) performance in Chinese and European American families. Fifty-three Chinese (M_age = 60 months) and 52 European American (M_age = 50 months) children and their mothers participated in this study. Maternal emotion socialization was assessed using mothers’ reported reactions to children’s negative emotions by completing the Coping with Children’s Negative Emotions Scale (CCNES). Child IC was assessed through two observational measures. Results revealed significant group differences. Specifically, Chinese mothers adopted more harsh responses and less distress responses as compared to European American mothers. Chinese children scored higher on IC than did European American children. Moderation analyses also suggest that maternal harsh responses and distress responses were negatively related to children’s IC performance for European American group but not for Chinese group.

Doan, Stacey N., Shruthi Venkatesh, Isabel Mendiola*, Patricia A. Smiley, and Daniel B. Schmolze. “Stressed Out and Fed Up: The Effect of Stress on Maternal Feeding Behaviors and the Moderating Role of Executive Function.” Appetite, vol. 168, 2022, 105762.

Abstract: Stress is associated with a range of unhealthy eating habits, yet few studies have examined how stress may influence the intergenerational transmission of eating habits from parents to their children. Specifically, there is a lack of data regarding the role of stress on feeding practices. Moreover, most work investigating the associations between parental stress and their feeding behaviors has been correlational, limiting our understanding of causality. In the current study, we used an experimental design, induced high and low stress in mothers using a standard laboratory stressor, and observed mother-child interactions during a snack break. We also examined the potential role of maternal executive functioning (EF) for buffering the effects of stress on maternal feeding behaviors. Levels of maternal stress were manipulated with the Trier Social Stress Task (TSST) in a community sample (N = 80 dyads, Child M_age = 41.89 months, female = 43). We measured maternal EF with a series of computerized tasks. Maternal feeding behaviors were coded for controlling behaviors, which included pressuring and restricting behaviors. Results indicate a main effect of stress on controlling feeding behaviors, such that mothers in the high-stress condition exhibited higher levels of controlling behaviors. The effect of stress on controlling feeding behaviors was ameliorated among mothers with higher levels of EF after controlling for child age and income. Results provide causal evidence for the role of stress on feeding behaviors and suggest EF as a factor to be considered in the treatment and prevention of diet-related illnesses.

Doan, Stacey N., Stephanie H. Yu, Blanche Wright, Joey Fung, Farzana Saleem, and Anna S. Lau. “Resilience and Family Socialization Processes in Ethnic Minority Youth: Illuminating the Achievement-Health Paradox.” Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, vol. 25, 2022, pp. 75-92.

Abstract: Youth in marginalized communities who “strive” to rise above adversity, including systemic racism and poverty, are considered “resilient.” African-American, Latinx, and Asian-American youth often achieve admirable academic success despite limited social capital and high early life stress by adopting a “striving persistent behavioral style” (SPBS). SPBS may be supported by family socialization processes that facilitate reliance on self-regulation processes. Unfortunately, a young person’s resilience in one domain (i.e., academic) can come at a cost in other domains, including physical and mental health morbidities that are under-identified and under-treated. Indeed, research suggests a link between SPBS in the face of adversity and later health morbidities among ethnic minority youth. Herein, we describe SPBS as an adaptation to minority stress that not only promotes social mobility but may also stoke physical and mental health disparities. We review how family processes related to academic, emotional, and ethnic-racial socialization can facilitate the striving persistent behavioral style. We emphasize the double bind that ethnic minority families are caught in and discuss directions for future research and clinical implications for individual and family-level interventions. While needed, we argue that individual and family-level interventions represent a near-term work around. Solutions and factors that shape the need for SPBS and its cost must be addressed structurally.

Heshmati, Saeideh, Evie DavyRomano, Christopher Chow, Stacey N. Doan, and Kim D. Reynolds. “Negative Emodiversity is Associated with Emotional Eating in Adolescents: An Examination of Emotion Dynamics in Daily Life.” Journal of Adolescence, vol. 95, no. 1, 2022, pp. 115-130.

Abstract: Introduction: Emotional eating is a mental health concern, common in adolescents, that develops as a result of their tendency to use high-energy food to regulate their fluctuating emotions. Due to their highly fluctuating emotional life, adolescents tend to have unique within-person profiles of emotional experiences that change across moments and days, often lost in global assessments of emotions. Hence, it is imperative to examine individual differences in dynamics of emotions, as experienced in daily life, in relation to emotional eating in adolescents. Methods: In an Ecological Momentary Assessment study, we examined individual differences in three within-person dynamic characteristics (baseline levels, intraindividual variability, and emodiversity) of emotions in 158 dominantly Hispanic adolescents in the United States, aged 14–17 years old, predicting trait-level emotional eating. Results: Results indicated that higher negative emodiversity, baselines, and variability in stress were predictive of emotional eating in adolescents. When all considered together, negative emodiversity (i.e., variety of the types of negative emotions experienced in one's daily life) remained the only significant predictor of emotional eating. Conclusions: This study affirms the importance of diversity in emotional experiences in relation to emotional eating, particularly in daily contexts of adolescents' lives. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between diversity (i.e., variety in types) in positive versus negative emotional experiences with regard to emotional eating. By taking into account the ecological validity of adolescents' daily lives and individual differences in dynamical changes in emotions, we are taking a step forward by shedding light on how the dynamics of negative emotions—in terms of within-person baselines, variability, and diversity—might be related to general levels of emotional eating in adolescents.

Liu, Cindy H., Patricia A. Smiley, Jessica M. Vicman, Ga Tin Finneas Wong, and Stacy N. Doan. “The Roles of Life Stress and Preventative Health Behaviors On Parent Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Health Psychology, vol. 27, issue 6, 2022, pp. 1470-1483.

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted millions of lives, with life stress and daily hassles having a potential impact on parent mental health. This study examined whether preventive health behaviors (e.g. social distancing, mask wearing) and social support relate to parent mental health. In a cross-sectional analysis of parents (N = 176, May-September 2020), life events and daily hassles were positively associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. Preventive health behaviors moderated the association between daily hassles and depressive symptoms. Preventive health behaviors may protect those with high levels of daily hassles from moderate levels of depression.

Scott, Mirenna G., Patricia A. Smiley, Ashley Ahn, Molly F. Lazarus, Jessica L. Borelli, and Stacey N. Doan. “A Mother’s Touch: Preschool-Aged Children are Regulated by Positive Maternal Touch.” Developmental Psychobiology, vol. 64, issue 2, 2022, e22243.

Abstract: Positive maternal touch plays an important role in the development of children's physiological regulation and cognitive development in infancy, as well as the development of sociality in early childhood. However, few studies have looked beyond infancy to consider the possible continuing impact of positive maternal touch on child stress reactivity during early childhood. A diverse community sample of mothers (N = 114, M_age = 33.52 years, SD = 5.33) and their preschool-aged children (M_age = 41.68 months, SD = 4.67; 49.1% female) participated in the study. Basic demographics were reported by mothers. We coded maternal touch behaviors during an emotionally charged laboratory conversation task and assessed children's physiological reactivity to stressful laboratory tasks with salivary cortisol. Results reveal a significant negative association between positive maternal touch and child salivary cortisol reactivity. In addition, family income, adjusted for family size, and child sex were significantly associated with child cortisol stress reactivity. Findings are discussed in terms of persistent downregulating effects of positive maternal touch on child stress reactivity, as well as possible links of stress reactivity with family income, a proxy for economic stress, and child sex.

Song, Qingfang, Patricia A. Smiley, and Stacey N. Doan. “The Moderating Effect of Facial Emotion Recognition in Maternal Emotion Socialization and Child Socioemotional Development.” Social Development, vol. 31, issue 4, 2022, pp. 1095-1109.

Abstract: The current study investigated relations among maternal emotion socialization, children's facial emotion recognition (FER), and children's behavioral problems. A sample of 118 preschoolers (M_age = 41.96 months) and their mothers participated. Mothers reported their reactions to children's negative emotions and rated children's internalizing and externalizing problems by completing the Coping with Children's Negative Emotions Scale and Child Behavior Checklist, respectively. Children's FER was assessed with a task that involved matching emotion labels to facial expressions. Results revealed that FER moderated the association between minimizing/punitive maternal reactions and children's externalizing problems. Minimizing/punitive maternal reactions were found to positively correlate with externalizing problems in children with lower levels of FER, but not among children with high levels of FER. Exploratory analyses with child gender also suggested that the moderating effect of FER in the relation between minimizing/punitive maternal reactions and children's internalizing problems applied only to boys, not to girls. The results highlight the importance of children's FER and gender, in addition to maternal reactions to expressed emotion, in shaping their socioemotional adjustment.

Song, Qingfant, Jess M. Vicman*, and Stacey N. Doan. “Changes in Attachment to Parents and Peers and Relations with Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Emerging Adulthood, vol. 10, issue 4, 2022, pp. 1048-1060.

Abstract: Using a longitudinal design, we examined changes in parent and peer attachment among college students, and their predictive and protective roles in relation to mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic. College students (N = 106) rated their parent and peer attachment, and self-reported anxiety, loneliness, and depressive symptoms 1 year before and during the pandemic. Participants also rated the impact of COVID-19 related stressors (CRS). Results demonstrate significant increases in loneliness and depression and a decrease in peer attachment security during the pandemic. Increases in peer attachment security were negatively correlated with loneliness during the pandemic. Parent attachment buffered the relationship between the impact of CRS and mental health problems during the pandemic. Guided by the integrated framework from attachment theory and life course theory, the current study discussed findings and practices regarding the important role of attachment for college students and their adjustment to the pandemic.

External Grant: Doan, Stacey, Co-Investigator. “NIH R01-MH128729-01: Project STRIVE STudents RIsing aboVE: Offsetting the health and mental health costs of resilience,” 2022, Total costs: $3,516,177, CMC subaward: $807,882.

Abstract: Most preventionists focus targeted efforts on youth who evince early signs of illness (indicated preventive intervention) or who have exposure to known risk factors for illness (selective preventive intervention).Amid growing concerns about racial disparities in mental health, prevention and intervention resources are concentrated on youth who have developed emotional or behavioral problems. A focus on academically resilient Black Indigenous and People of Color (BIPOC) who have good prospects for social mobility may seem misplaced. However, attention only to minoritized youth with academic or behavioral struggles overlooks how structural forms of racism and the cumulative effects of race-related stress impact high-functioning BIPOC across development. Among Blacks, ascension from working- to middle-class fails to confer the social, psychological or health benefits enjoyed by Whites with higher class status, and many health outcomes (e.g., reproductive and birth outcomes) actually favor lower social class Blacks. BIPOC who overcome barriers to higher educational attainment and socioeconomic status appear to experience paradoxically negative health consequences mediated by racism-related stress. In a 33-year analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, upwardly mobile Black and Latinx adolescents went on to experience significantly more acute and chronic discrimination, respectively, than their socioeconomically stable counterparts. Relatedly, among ethnic minorities, those who are high in socioeconomic status (SES) have comparable levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, to ethnic minorities from low SES backgrounds; whereas high SES is related to lowered cortisol among Whites. Moreover, the benefits of lower allostatic load typically conferred by educational attainment are attenuated by ethnic minority status, with Blacks and Mexican Americans benefitting less. Socioeconomic mobility may result in increased exposure to contexts in which BIPOC are underrepresented, where race-related indignities are common, and where they experience pressure to perform exceptionally well to disprove racist stereotypes. Thus, although a striving persistent behavioral style indeed represents a successful adaptation to a developmental context marked systemic racism and structural disadvantage among BIPOC youth, it may also represent a pernicious driver of health and mental health disparities. The proposed research seeks to test whether the links between striving and health detriments can be interrupted through a mechanistic focus on self-regulation processes among BIPOC youth.

Jennifer Feitosa, Associate Professor of Psychology

Davis, Alicia S., Adrienne M. Kafka*, M. Gloria González-Morales, and Jennifer Feitosa. “Team Belonging: Integrating Teamwork and Diversity Training Through Emotions.” Small Group Research, vol. 53, issue 1, 2022, pp. 88-127.

Abstract: With the worldwide focus shifting toward important questions of what diversity means to society, organizations are attempting to keep up with employees’ needs to feel recognized and belong. Given that traditionally team and diversity trainings are provided separately, with different theoretical backgrounds and goals, they are often misaligned and ineffective. We review 339 empirical articles depicting a team, diversity, or emotional management training to extract themes and determine which methods are most effective. Although research has demonstrated the importance of belonging for providing positive workplace outcomes, we found that the traditional design of these trainings and lack of emotional management prevent a balance between team and diversity goals, preventing belonging. We propose an integrative training with emotional management to help teams foster optimal belonging, where members can unite together through their differences. Accordingly, our themes inform this training model that can inspire future research into more effective training.

Feitosa, Jennifer, Spencer Hagenbuch*, Bansi Patel*, and Alicia Davis. “Performing in Diverse Settings: A Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Approach to Culture.” International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, vol. 22, no. 3, 2022, pp. 433-457.

Abstract: Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are being built into the fabric of today’s organizations, and utilizing such a lens is vital to understanding cross-cultural performance. Yet, most of the culture and diversity literature has grown in silos and is therefore not leveraging the many benefits that their integration could provide. To counter this gap, we advance a theoretical framework featuring a new definition of cross-cultural performance (CCP) from a DEI perspective, as a new angle for doing work across cultures. Specifically, CCP is defined as the integration of multiple cultural perspectives of individuals who work together with the goal of enabling a diverse, inclusive, and equitable work environment. By applying the DEI lens to CCP, we elevate the meaning of performance due to added consideration of compositional differences, the possible barriers to employees’ success, and the extent to which others’ perspectives are indeed valued. Accordingly, our framework identifies three main components of CCP: catalyzing cultural differences, taking part in engaging communication, and promoting allyship activities. Furthermore, we specify emotional management as the glue of these three components, and key outcomes at different levels of analysis. Last, we discuss the implications of our framework to both theory and practice as well as directions for future research.

Feitosa, Jennifer, K. Kusado, E. Schnabel, C.A. Hartnell, and Joann Keyton. “Cultural Change: Ecological Origins, Trajectories, and Management.” Culture 2.0: The Intersection of National and Organizational Culture, edited by Joann Keyton. Peter Lang, 2022, pp. 63-82.

Keyton, Joann, Jennifer Feitosa, and V. Taras. “Research Methods for National Culture and Organizational Culture: Multiple Research Perspectives.” Culture 2.0: The Intersection of National and Organizational Culture, edited by Joann Keyton. Peter Lang, 2022, pp. 63-82. Peter Lang.

Khoobchandani*, Nishka, Shania Sharma*, Alicia S. Davis, and Jennifer Feitosa. “The Brighter Side Effects: Identification and Attainment.” Industrial and Organizational Psychology, vol. 15, issue 1, 2022, pp. 126-129.

Abstract: Organizations that are becoming more diverse and relying on teams to achieve performance outcomes often employ organizational interventions to deliver these outcomes. Although some negative or null side effects have been demonstrated related to these interventions, we argue that many positive side effects are often not captured or are disregarded and warrant further attention. Using examples from the training literature, we provide evidence for positive side effects of organizational interventions. We also identify lapses in the field’s approach to the measurement of the effects of organizational interventions and how this prevents our attempts to improve these interventions to create better and more holistic outcomes for employees and organizations. We suggest opportunities to improve interventions that can be applied in our diverse workplaces.

Kilcullen, Molly, Jennifer Feitosa and Eduardo Salas. “Insights from the virtual team science: Rapid deployment during COVID-19.” Human Factors, vol. 64, no. 8, 2022, pp. 1429-1440.

Abstract: Objective: To provide insights for organizations that must rapidly deploy teams to remote work. Background: Modern situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, are rapidly accelerating the need for organizations to move employee teams to virtual environments, sometimes with little to no opportunities to prepare for the transition. It is likely that organizations will continually have to adapt to evolving conditions in the future. Method: This review synthesizes the literature from several sources on best practices, lessons learned, and strategies for virtual teams. Information from each article deemed relevant was then extracted and deidentified. Over 64 best practices were independently and blindly coded for relevancy for the swift deployment of virtual teams. Results: As a result of this review, tips for virtual teams undergoing rapid transition to remote work were developed. These tips are organized at the organization, team, and individual levels. They are further categorized under six overarching themes: norm setting, performance monitoring, leadership, supportive mechanisms, communication, and flexibility. Conclusion: There is a significant deficit in the literature for best practices for virtual teams for the purposes of rapid deployment, leaving it to organizations to subjectively determine what advice to adhere to. This manuscript synthesizes relevant practices and provides insights into effective virtual team rapid deployment.

Rachel Fenning, Associate Professor of Psychology and Director of the Claremont Autism Center

Alostaz, Jasmin, Jason K. Baker, Rachel M. Fenning, Cameron L. Neece, and Sasha Zeedyk. “Parental Coping as a Buffer Between Child Factors and Emotion-Related Parenting in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 35, issue 1, 2022, pp. 153-158.

Abstract: Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high levels of stress related to their children’s symptoms and comorbid behavior problems. Adaptive parental coping in response to child-related stressors is proposed to serve a buffering function, and yet, little research has examined whether coping actually moderates associations between child factors and parent outcomes in this population. The few studies to do so have focused on parent well-being as the primary outcome and have not considered the degree to which child-related stressors may affect parenting and contribute to maladaptive transactional parent–child processes over time. The present study tested whether adaptive parental coping was associated with reduced associations between higher levels of child ASD symptoms and comorbid externalizing problems and poorer quality parent reactions to child negative emotions in 63 families of children with ASD. Parents reported on their children’s externalizing problems, their own coping behavior, and their reactions to their children’s negative emotions, and child ASD symptoms were measured through direct testing. Adaptive coping—primarily active planning—moderated the association between children’s behavior problems and supportive parent reactions such that parents of children with more externalizing problems reported less supportive reactions, but only when adaptive coping was low. Child ASD symptoms did not significantly relate to parent reactions, and coping did not moderate these associations. This cross-sectional study is the first to identify parental coping as a potential protective factor for parenting behavior in families of children with ASD and comorbid behavior problems. Implications for future longitudinal research are discussed.

Baker, Jason K., Rachel M. Fenning, Stephen A. Erath, and Sarah Fabian. “Parasympathetic Withdrawal Indexes Risk for Emotion Dysregulation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Autism Research, vol. 15, no. 11, 2022, pp. 2064-2068.

Abstract: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience significant difficulties with emotion regulation. Theory and empirical evidence suggest substantial biological contributions to regulatory challenges, which may be related to core ASD symptoms. Respiratory sinus arrythmia (RSA) is a measure of parasympathetic nervous system activity that serves as a putative biomarker for emotion regulation. Higher baseline RSA and more RSA reactivity (parasympathetic withdrawal; RSA-R) in response to challenge appear adaptive in non-clinical populations, but existing evidence for children with ASD remains inconclusive. The current study examined correlates of observed emotion dysregulation in 61 children with ASD between the ages of 6 and 10 years, including ASD symptom levels as well as both baseline RSA and concurrent RSA reactivity. Consistent with previous research, ASD symptom level was significantly correlated with observed dysregulation whereas additional factors such as child IQ were not. Baseline RSA was unrelated to observed dysregulation, but higher RSA reactivity predicted concurrent dysregulation above and beyond the contribution of child ASD symptoms. Findings contribute to an emerging understanding of dysregulation in these children, raise questions about the utility of traditional baseline RSA measures for this population, and clarify the functional significance of RSA reactivity as a risk factor for emotion dysregulation in children with ASD.

Fenning, Rachel M., Eric M. Butter, Eric A. Macklin, Megan Norris, Kimberly Hammersmith, Kelly McKinnon-Bermingham, James Chan, Kevin G. Stephenson, Charles Albright, Jessica Scherr, Jacquelyn M. Moffitt, Fraces Lu, Richard Spaulding, John Guijon, Amy Hess, Daniel L. Coury, Karen A. Kuhlthau, Robin Steinberg-Epstein. “Parent Training for Dental Care in Underserved Children with Autism: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” Pediatrics, vol. 149, issue 5, 2022, e2021050691.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulty participating in dental care and experience significant unmet dental needs. We examined the efficacy of parent training (PT) for improving oral hygiene and oral health in underserved children with ASD. METHOD: Families of Medicaid-eligible children with ASD (ages 3–13 years, 85% boys, 62% with intellectual disability) reporting difficulty with dental care participated in a 6-month randomized controlled trial comparing PT (n = 60) with a psychoeducational dental toolkit (n = 59). Primary outcomes were parent-reported frequency of twice-daily toothbrushing and dentist-rated visible plaque. Secondary outcomes included parent-reported child behavior problems during home oral hygiene and dentist-rated caries. Dentists were blind to intervention assignment. Analyses were intention to treat. RESULTS: Retention was high at posttreatment (3 months, 93%) and 6-month follow-up (90%). Compared with the toolkit intervention, PT was associated with increased twice-daily toothbrushing at 3 (78% vs 55%, respectively; P < .001) and 6 (78% vs 62%; P = .002) months and a reduction in plaque at 3 months (intervention effect, −0.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.36 to −0.02; P = .03) and child problem behaviors at 3 (−0.90; 95% CI, −1.52 to −0.28; P = .005) and 6 (−0.77; 95% CI, −1.39 to −0.14; P = .02) months. Comparatively fewer caries developed in children receiving the PT intervention over 3 months (ratio of rate ratios, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.99; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS: PT represents a promising approach for improving oral hygiene and oral health in underserved children with ASD at risk for dental problems.

Schiltz, Hillary, Rachel M. Fenning, Stephen A. Erath, and Jason K. Baker. “Parasympathetic functioning and sleep problems in children with autism spectrum disorder.” Autism Research, vol. 15, no. 11, 2022, pp. 2138-2148.

Abstract: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), an index of parasympathetic nervous system activity, has been linked with sleep quality among children with neurotypical development. The current study extended examination of these processes to chil- dren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a group at considerable risk for sleep problems. Participants included 54 children with ASD (aged 6–10 years, 43% His- panic). RSA data were collected via a wired MindWare system during a 3-min baseline and a 3-min challenge task. Parents reported on their children’s sleep problems and sleep duration using the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Abbreviated. Although no significant correlations emerged between RSA indices and parent-reported child sleep, baseline RSA and RSA reactivity interacted in the prediction of sleep problems. For children with higher RSA reactivity, higher baseline RSA was associated with fewer sleep problems, but for children with lower RSA reactivity, baseline RSA was not predictive. No main effects or inter- actions of RSA predicted sleep duration. Findings suggest resilience against sleep problems for children with ASD presenting with higher baseline RSA and higher RSA reactivity. Implications of these results center upon directly targeting psy- chophysiology (i.e., parasympathetic nervous system regulation) as a possible mechanism to improve sleep in children with ASD, and developing personalized interventions based on physiological markers of risk and resilience.

Schlitz, Hillary K., Rachel M. Fenning, Stephen A. Erath, Brian R.W. Baucom, and Jason K. Baker. “Electrodermal Activity Moderates Sleep-Behavior Associations in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, vol. 50, 2022, pp. 823-835.

Abstract: Relative to children without autism spectrum disorder (ASD), children with ASD experience elevated sleep problems that can contribute to behavioral comorbidities. This study explored the interaction between psychophysiology and sleep to determine which children with ASD may be at risk for, or resilient to, effects of poor sleep on daytime behavior. Participants included 48 children (aged 6–10 years) with ASD. Measures of sympathetic nervous system activity (electrodermal activity; EDA) were collected during a baseline and in response to a laboratory challenge task. Parents reported on their children’s sleep problems and behavioral functioning, including broad externalizing symptoms and situational noncompliance, using standardized questionnaires and a clinical interview. EDA moderated the significant positive associations between sleep problems and both behavioral outcomes. The link between sleep problems and broad externalizing symptoms and situational noncompliance was positive and significant in the context of lower baseline EDA and nonsignificant in the context of higher baseline EDA. Sleep problems also interacted with EDA reactivity in predicting situational noncompliance, but not broad externalizing symptoms. Findings highlight the complex interplay among sleep, daytime behavior, and psychophysiology in children with ASD. Results are interpreted in the context of differential susceptibility and dual-risk frameworks. This study underscores the importance of high-quality sleep for children with ASD, especially those with the biological sensitivity or vulnerability factors (i.e., EDA) identified in this study. Clinical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are provided.

External Grant: Fenning, Rachel. Simon-Strauss Foundation, 2022, $10,000.

Diane Halpern, Professor Emerita of Psychology

Krauss, Daniel A. and Diane F. Halpern. “Conflicting Myths about Evidence in the Legal System and Suggestions for Reform.” Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, vol 11, no. 2, 2022, pp. 157–160.

Alison Harris, Cook-Ostby Associate Professor of Psychology and George R. Roberts Fellow

Harris, Allison and Cendri A. Hutcherson. “Temporal Dynamics of Decision Making: A Synthesis of Computational and Neurophysiological Approaches.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, vol. 13, issue 3, 2022, e1586.

Abstract: As interest in the temporal dynamics of decision making has grown, researchers have increasingly turned to computational approaches such as the drift diffusion model (DDM) to identify how cognitive processes unfold during choice. At the same time, technological advances in noninvasive neurophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) now allow researchers to map the neural time course of decision making with millisecond precision. Combining these approaches can potentially yield important new insights into how choices emerge over time. Here we review recent research on the computational and neurophysiological correlates of perceptual and value-based decision making, from DDM parameters to scalp potentials and oscillatory neural activity. Starting with motor response preparation, the most well-understood aspect of the decision process, we discuss evidence that urgency signals and shifts in baseline activation, rather than shifts in the physiological value of the choice-triggering response threshold, are responsible for adjusting response times under speeded choice scenarios. Research on the neural correlates of starting point bias suggests that pre-stimulus activity can predict biases in motor choice behavior. Finally, studies examining the time dynamics of evidence construction and evidence accumulation have identified signals at frontocentral and centroparietal electrodes associated respectively with these processes, emerging 300-500 ms after stimulus onset. These findings can inform psychological theories of decision-making, providing empirical support for attribute weighting in value-based choice while suggesting theoretical alternatives to dual-process accounts. Further research combining computational and neurophysiological approaches holds promise for providing greater insight into the moment-by-moment evolution of the decision process.

Strang, Caroline C.*, Alison Harris, Eric J. Moody, and Catherine L. Reed. “Peak Frequency of the Sensorimotor Mu Rhythm Varies with Autism-Spectrum Traits.” Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 16, 2022, 950539.

Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental syndrome characterized by impairments in social perception and communication. Growing evidence suggests that the relationship between deficits in social perception and ASD may extend into the neurotypical population. In electroencephalography (EEG), high autism-spectrum traits in both ASD and neurotypical samples are associated with changes to the mu rhythm, an alpha-band (8–12 Hz) oscillation measured over sensorimotor cortex which typically shows reductions in spectral power during both one’s own movements and observation of others’ actions. This mu suppression is thought to reflect integration of perceptual and motor representations for understanding of others’ mental states, which may be disrupted in individuals with autism-spectrum traits. However, because spectral power is usually quantified at the group level, it has limited usefulness for characterizing individual variation in the mu rhythm, particularly with respect to autism-spectrum traits. Instead, individual peak frequency may provide a better measure of mu rhythm variability across participants. Previous developmental studies have linked ASD to slowing of individual peak frequency in the alpha band, or peak alpha frequency (PAF), predominantly associated with selective attention. Yet individual variability in the peak mu frequency (PMF) remains largely unexplored, particularly with respect to autism-spectrum traits. Here we quantified peak frequency of occipitoparietal alpha and sensorimotor mu rhythms across neurotypical individuals as a function of autism-spectrum traits. High-density 128-channel EEG data were collected from 60 participants while they completed two tasks previously reported to reliably index the sensorimotor mu rhythm: motor execution (bimanual finger tapping) and action observation (viewing of whole-body human movements). We found that individual measurement in the peak oscillatory frequency of the mu rhythm was highly reliable within participants, was not driven by resting vs. task states, and showed good correlation across action execution and observation tasks. Within our neurotypical sample, higher autism-spectrum traits were associated with slowing of the PMF, as predicted. This effect was not likely explained by volume conduction of the occipitoparietal PAF associated with attention. Together, these data support individual peak oscillatory alpha-band frequency as a correlate of autism-spectrum traits, warranting further research with larger samples and clinical populations.

Wei-Chin Hwang, Professor of Psychology

Hwang, Wei-Chin and Ken A. Fujimoto. “Email Me Back: Examining Provider Biases through Email Return and Responsiveness.” Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 69, issue 5, 2022, pp. 691-700.

Abstract: The majority of research on accessing and utilizing mental health services has focused on patient barriers to care. Few studies have explored possible provider biases that may impact client access at point of entry. Using the audit method, we conducted an email-based field experiment to investigate the responsiveness of psychotherapy providers to inquiries from simulated patients with different backgrounds (i.e., race, gender, diagnosis, and ability to pay). A total of 725 therapists (176 men, 549 women) practicing in Chicago, Illinois were identified from an online therapist directory and randomized to receive emails requesting therapy appointments. Overall, 21.7% of providers did not return prospective client email inquiries; 32.5% of providers were somewhat responsive in that they returned an email despite not being able to take on the client; and 45.7% were highly responsive in that they returned an email and offered an appointment or the opportunity to discuss the matter further. Male providers were less responsive to African American and Latinx simulated clients and most responsive to White clients, whereas female providers were more likely to respond similarly to all simulated clients. Moreover, regardless of the providers’ gender, they were more responsive to simulated patients with depression than to simulated patients with schizophrenia or borderline personality disorder (BPD). Finally, providers were more responsive to those who could pay the full fee than to those who requested a sliding scale. Educating providers on these possible biases is important because it could help reduce biased behaviors and improve access to care for vulnerable populations.

Daniel Krauss, Professor of Psychology

DeMatteo, David, Daniel A. Krauss, Sarah Fishel, and Kellie Wiltsie. “The United States Supreme Court’s Enduring Misunderstanding of Insanity.” New Mexico Law Review, vol. 52, no.1, 2022, pp. 34-69.

Abstract: Within mental health law, the legal defense of insanity has received a disproportionate amount of attention. Classified as a legal excuse, the insanity defense generally negates legal blameworthiness for criminal defendants who successfully prove that at the time of the offense, they did not know right from wrong or were unable to conform their conduct to the requirements of the law, due to an underlying mental health condition. The insanity defense has a lengthy history in the United States, with several different formulations and numerous court decisions addressing various aspects of the defense. Despite its firm entrenchment in U.S. criminal law, with almost all states and the federal courts having some version of the insanity defense, the United States Supreme Court has demonstrated a startling level of confusion when deciding cases involving the insanity defense and related but distinct concepts. This article (a) discusses the nature of the insanity defense by distinguishing it from related but distinct mental health law defenses, (b) provides a detailed analysis of United States Supreme Court cases that illustrate the Court’s confusion regarding the insanity defense, and (c) explores why the Court’s confusion is detrimental in multiple ways and to multiple stakeholders and offers suggestions for how the Court can meaningfully move forward to alleviate the effects of its longstanding confusion.

Krauss, Daniel A., Gabriel I. Cook, Sharda Umanath, and Eunice Song*. “Changing the Public’s Crime Control Theater Attitudes.” Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, vol. 28, no. 4, 2022, pp. 595-615.

Abstract: Crime control theater (CCT) are criminal justice policies and laws that are widely favored by the public but are demonstrated empirical failures. Across two experiments, this research examines video interventions designed to change the public’s views toward two sexual offender CCT laws—sex offender housing restrictions and sex offender registry laws. In Experiment 1 (N = 217), both factual and narrative-based interventions were successful in lowering participants’ ratings of support but not effectiveness for these policies. However, whereas participants viewed the narrative-based videos as more engaging, coherent, and emotional, these differences did not translate into more significant attitude transformations or learning of the unintended consequences of these policies. In Experiment 2 (N = 133), these findings were largely replicated, and, importantly, the decrease in participants’ support for these policies after the intervention was maintained a week later, with smaller decreases in participants’ ratings of effectiveness evident. Yet, the exact mechanism of these attitudinal changes remains unclear but appears unrelated to their memory for or engagement with the interventions. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Catherine Reed, McElwee Professor of Psychology, George R. Roberts Fellow, and Chair of Psychological Science

Hartley, Alan A. and Catherine L. Reed. “Equivalent Pupillary Mimicry in Younger and Older Adults.” Psychology of Aging, vol. 37, no. 5, 2022, pp. 604–613.

Abstract: Pupillary contagion is a form of autonomic mimicry in which faces with dilated pupils elicit larger pupils in observers whereas faces with constricted pupils elicit smaller pupils. Autonomic reactivity may be fundamental to higher order social processes, yet older adults may be less likely to register other’s autonomic signals. We explored pupillary contagion in younger and older adult observers. We presented younger and older observers with partial-face photographs of women with the pupils manipulated to be small, medium, or large. The faces were either young (20s) or old (70s). There were two tasks: To judge the model’s age and to judge which pupil was larger. In the pupil judgment task, the magnitude of response was lower in older adults than in younger adults, but both younger and older observers showed equivalent pupillary contagion. In the age judgment task, which did not draw attention to the pupils, we found no evidence of pupillary contagion in either age-group. Registration of the autonomic signal of pupil dilation does not appear to be impaired in older adults.

Reed, Catherine L., John P. Garza*, William S. Bush*, Natasha Parikh*, Niti Nagar*, and Shaun P. Vecera.“Does Hand Position Affect Orienting When No Action is Required? An Electrophysiological Study.” Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 16, 2022, 982005.

Abstract: Previous research has shown that attention can be biased to targets appearing near the hand that require action responses, arguing that attention to the hand facilitates upcoming action. It is unclear whether attention orients to non-targets near the hand not requiring responses. Using electroencephalography/event-related potentials (EEG/ERP), this study investigated whether hand position affected visual orienting to non-targets under conditions that manipulated the distribution of attention. We modified an attention paradigm in which stimuli were presented briefly and rapidly on either side of fixation; participants responded to infrequent targets (15%) but not standard non-targets and either a hand or a block was placed next to one stimulus location. In Experiment 1, attention was distributed across left and right stimulus locations to determine whether P1 or N1 ERP amplitudes to non-target standards were differentially influenced by hand location. In Experiment 2, attention was narrowed to only one stimulus location to determine whether attentional focus affected orienting to nontarget locations near the hand. When attention was distributed across both stimulus locations, the hand increased overall N1 amplitudes relative to the block but not selectively to stimuli appearing near the hand. However, when attention was focused on one location, amplitudes were affected by the location of attentional focus and the stimulus, but not by hand or block location. Thus, hand position appears to contribute only a non-locationspecific input to standards during visual orienting, but only in cases when attention is distributed across stimulus locations.

Reed, Catherine L., Emilia Hagen*, Cindy M. Bukach, and Jane W. Couperus. “Effectiveness of Undergraduate-Generated Animations: Increasing Comprehension and Engagement for Neuroscience Majors and Non-majors.” Teaching of Psychology, vol. 49, issue 4, 2022, pp. 356-368.

Abstract: Background: Animations of scientific concepts may improve comprehension by explaining and visualizing the steps of complex processes, but unless they engage student interest in meaningful ways, their effectiveness as teaching tools is limited. We achieve this through a novel approach to animation design that includes the target audience (undergraduates) so that the resultant animations align with their learner characteristics. Objective: This case study investigated whether undergraduate-generated animations were more effective educational tools than informationally equivalent text-and-illustration presentations and whether learners’ background influenced the relative benefits of animations. Method: Incorporating feedback from faculty and undergraduates, we created animations and text-plus-illustration content to explain how neural signals are generated and measured by scalp electrodes. Neuroscience majors and non-majors were presented with either animations or static presentations followed by comprehension and engagement assessments. Results: Both groups showed comprehension and engagement benefits for animations. Although majors showed better overall comprehension, animations improved comprehension for non-majors over static presentations. Conclusion: When educational content is directed for a target audience, animations can be more effective teaching tools for a broader student audience. Teaching Implications: The relevance of online tools for remote instruction makes animations, developed for and by undergraduates, important tools for effectively introducing difficult content.

Reed, Catherine L., Audrey Siqi-Liu*, Kristen Lydic*, Madison Lodge*, Aditi Chitre, Chandlyr Denaro, Astrid Petropoulos, Jasmin Joshi, Cindy M Bukach, and Jane W Corperus. “Selective Contributions of Executive Function Ability to the P3.” International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol. 176, 2022, pp. 55-61.

Abstract: The P3 component (P300, P3b) is considered to be an effective index of attention and categorization processes when elicited in a visual oddball task, specifically reflecting the selection of a rare target item among frequent non-targets. Researchers have proposed that target categorization is guided by representations of target features held in working memory (WM), thus guiding attention and categorization processes to distinguish targets from non-targets. Although WM is theorized to have visuospatial, verbal and executive function components, most studies do not investigate how these WM components contribute to the P3. This study uses an individual differences approach to determine whether correlations between WM capabilities and P3 amplitudes indicate a common underlying cognitive construct. Participants (n = 140) completed an 80/20 visual oddball task to elicit the P3 as well as independent visual working memory (VWM), spatial working memory (SPWM), and executive function (task switching (TS) and digit symbol substitution (DSS)) tests. Results indicated that measures of executive function, DSS and TS, but not VWM or SPWM ability, correlated with and predicted faster task response times and greater P3 amplitudes. RT and WM measures were not correlated with P3 fractional area latencies. These results support context updating theory. Executive function WM availability, whether as a property of the participant's processing system or based on task demands, plays a functional role in the P3 and an important role in efficient visual categorization and goal-directed learning.

External Grant: Reed, Catherine, Principal Investigator. “Collaborative Proposal: Level II Preparing Undergraduates for Research in STEM-related fields Using Electrophysiology (PURSUE).” NSF Supplement IUSE NSF 2227412, 2022, CMC, $36,516.

Ronald E. Riggio, Henry R. Kravis Professor of Leadership & Organizational Psychology

Allen, Scott J., David M. Rosch, Joanne B. Ciulla, John P. Dugan, Brad Jackson, Stefanie K. Johnson, Cindy Pace, Steve Kempster, Eric Guthey, Susan E. Murphy, Ron E. Riggio, Karen “Kat” Schrier, Wiley “Chip” Souba, and Chellie Spiller. “Proposals for the Future of Leadership Scholarship: Suggestions in Phronesis.” Leadership, vol. 18, issue 4, 2022, pp. 563.589.

Abstract: “Phronesis” can be summarized as “wisdom in determining ends and the means of attaining them.” This unique article originated from comments made by scholars on a podcast hosted by Dr. Scott Allen titled “Phronesis: Practical Wisdom for Leaders.” Here, we propose 10 specific agendas focused on the future of scholarship in the field of leadership studies, authored by some of these scholars. Topics include how to think about effective leadership in “the age of emotion” where truth can seem up for debate; specific topical suggestions for expanded study—such as more comprehensively studying place and space, indigenous wisdom, equity issues, games that teach, and focusing more on lifespan perspectives; better integrating scholarship with professional settings where leading occurs; and more effectively framing what it even means to lead and follow.

Allen, Scott J., David M. Rosch, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Advancing Leadership Education and Development: Integrating Adult Learning Theory.” Journal of Management Education, vol. 46, issue 2, 2022, pp. 252-283.

Abstract: Leader development serves as a strong focus in the mission statements of many business school programs. Looking at business school leader development programs through the lens of adult learning theory, we assert that there is an overreliance on cognitive training (e.g., lecture) as the primary form of education used in preparing future business leaders, neglecting other relevant learning orientations. In response, we advance a comprehensive model of business leader education and training that incorporates and integrates five primary orientations to adult learning (cognitivist, behaviorist, humanistic, social cognitive, constructivist). We argue that other professional training curricula, most notably, medical school and military education, draw more fully on these five orientations to adult learning and that these represent comparative models for what business schools could be doing in leader development. We conclude by providing concrete suggestions for how business educators might apply the model in their own programs.

Beenen, Gerard, Gergana Todorova, Shaun Pichler, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Reconceptualizing Multilevel Leader-Follower Shared Outcomes.” Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, vol. 29, issue 3, 2022, pp. 289-305.

Abstract: While research on leadership has acknowledged the joint efforts of leaders and followers, advancements in conceptualizing the outcomes of such joint efforts have stagnated. Integrating leadership theory and research with multilevel theories on emergent states, we develop and propose a new framework of shared leader-follower outcomes (SLFOs). We reconceptualize SLFOs as four emergent states (presence, synergy, professionalism and chemistry) that are proximal outcomes in teams. Each SLFO is an early indicator of corresponding key traditional outcomes (absenteeism, productivity, quality and satisfaction) that focus on the leader, followers, or the team as a whole. We also discuss the dynamics of emergence of SLFOs from the dyadic leader-follower level to the team level through composition (i.e. convergent) and compilation (i.e., divergent) processes. Our framework extends leadership theories by accounting for emergent states as shared leader-follower outcomes that temporally unfold over multiple levels of analysis. We develop propositions to guide future empirical research on leader-follower proximal outcomes of presence, synergy, professionalism, and chemistry.

Diaz, Jessica B., Rebecca J. Reichard, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Go for the Gold: Hurdles and Winning Strategies for Conducting Longitudinal and Nonlinear Research in Undergraduate Leader Development.” New Directions for Student Leadership, issue 175, 2022, pp. 61-71.

Abstract: This article makes a case for longitudinal and non- linear methods when researching or evaluating stu- dent leadership development. After a primer on longi- tudinal methodology, barriers and aligned solutions to methodological challenges are presented.

Duan, Jinyun, Xiaoyun Ren, Zhengguang Liu, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Connecting the Dots: How Parental and Current Socioeconomic Status Shape Individuals’ Transformational Leadership.” Journal of Business Research, vol. 150, 2022, pp. 51-58.

Abstract: Leadership development has been characterized as an ongoing process that continues throughout a lifetime. From a long-lens perspective, this study aims to investigate how leaders’ early family socioeconomic environment influences their later transformational leadership. According to the social cognitive theory of social class, we propose that parental socioeconomic status (SES) promotes transformational leader behaviors via a positive psychological state. In the current study with 171 leaders and 684 matched subordinates, results indicated that high parental SES boosted leaders’ transformational behaviors by increasing their psychological capital, but this relationship was assuaged for leaders with high current SES. These findings contribute to the literature on transformational leadership, emphasize the importance of early life factors in leader emergence and development, and have implications for leadership development and future research.

Ramos, Michelle C., Chia-Hsin Emily Cheng, Kathleen S.J. Preston, Allen W. Gottfried, Diana Wright Guerin, Adele Eskeles Gottfried, Ronald E. Riggio, and Pamella H. Oliver. “Positive Family Relationships Across 30 Years: Predicting Adult Health and Happiness.” Journal of Family Psychology, vol. 36, issue 7, 2022, pp. 1216-1228.

Abstract: In this prospective study, we examined the link between positive family relationships during childhood and adolescence and health and happiness three decades later in middle adulthood. We also investigated the stability of positive family relationships into adulthood as one possible pathway underlying this long-term association. Data were from the Fullerton Longitudinal Study (FLS) an ongoing investigation in the United States initiated in 1979 when children were aged 1 year with the most recent data collected in 2017. A cross-informant methodology was employed in which mothers and children independently completed the Positive Family Relationships (PFR) scale annually when children were of ages 9–17 years. When study children reached age 38, they reported on their current PFR, global health, and comprehensive happiness. Structural equation models revealed that children’s perceptions of the family during childhood and adolescence predicted both their health and happiness at age 38. Mothers’ perspectives of PFR predicted greater adult children’s health, but did not predict their happiness. Associations were independent of family socioeconomic status, gender, intelligence, and extraversion. Moreover, while controlling for behavior problems (proxy for health) and happiness at age 17, both children’s and mothers’ early PFR related to PFR at 38 years, which in turn, predicted increased health and happiness at age 38, thus providing evidence for a pathway underlying this long-term connection. Our prospective findings revealed that families in which members get along well and support each other during the childhood and adolescent years furnish a foundation for positive family relationships in adulthood, which are associated with greater health and happiness.

Riggio, Ronald E. and Alan Crawley. “Nonverbal Skills in Relationships: Too Little or Too Much May Be a Bad Thing.” Nonverbal Communication in Close Relationships: What Words Don't Tell Us, edited by Robert J. Sternberg and Aleksandra Kostic. Palgrave Macmillan Cham, 2022, pp. 341-361.

Abstract: There is a general assumption that when it comes to possession of nonverbal skills, having more skill is better. This chapter argues that some nonverbal/emotional skills may actually be curvilinear (inverted U-shaped distribution), with a moderate, or “optimal” level of skill possession. For example, too little emotional control, or too much of it, may be dysfunctional. The same curvilinear relationship may hold for skill in expressing (encoding) and decoding emotions. In actuality, there needs to be some balance among the various nonverbal cues in order to be truly emotionally competent. Research results are discussed as well as implications for training nonverbal and emotional skills.

Riggio, Ronald E. and Stefanie K. Johnson, editors. Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology. Routledge, 2022.

Abstract: Introduction to Industrial/Organizational Psychology provides a complete overview of the psychological study of the world of work. Written with the student in mind, the book presents classic theory and research in the field alongside examples from real-world work situations to provide deeper insight. The edition has been thoroughly updated to include the latest research on each key topic, including special features on the role of diversity, equity, and inclusion in the workplace, cross-cultural and international issues, ethics in I/O psychology practice, the changing nature of work, post-pandemic, and the role of technological changes in the field.

Zhengguang, Liu, Ronald E. Riggio, Rebecca J. Reichard, Dayna OH Walker. “Everyday Leadership: The Construct, Its Validation, and Developmental Antecedents.” International Leadership Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, 2022, pp. 3-35.

Abstract: We propose a construct called “everyday leadership” and a measure to assess it. Everyday leadership is the behaviors enacted by individuals who, regardless of formal title or authority, influence others to achieve shared objectives for the betterment of the collective. Initial validation of the measure was performed, and its developmental antecedents were explored. The results indicated that everyday leadership is a multidimensional construct with good discriminant and convergent/predictive validity. In a longitudinal dataset, one’s self-motivation to lead at age 17 predicted everyday leadership at age 38 through the serial mediation of affective motivation to lead at age 29 and leader self-views at age 38. Implications for future research and leadership development through everyday experiences are discussed.

Sherylle Tan, Director of Internships and KLI Research at the Kravis Leadership Institute and Visiting Assistant Professor of Psychology

DeFrank-Cole, Lisa and Sherylle J. Tan. Women and Leadership: Journey Toward Equity. SAGE Publications, 2022.

Abstract: While women in the United States account for nearly half the workforce, they continue to encounter unique personal, social, and structural dynamics as leaders. Authors Lisa DeFrank Cole and Sherylle J. Tan explore these dynamics and more in Women and Leadership: Journey Towards Equity. Grounded in leadership theory and research, this text delves into the barriers and challenges women face on their leadership journeys, including stereotypes, bias, inequality, discrimination, and domestic responsibilities. The text includes several chapters devoted to strategies and tools for overcoming obstacles, creating structural change, and moving towards greater equity. Awarded 2022 TAA Most Promising New Textbook.

Sharda Umanath, Associate Professor of Psychology

Abel, Magdalena, Sharda Umanath, and Krystian Barzykowski. “Decades Later: What World War II Events are Remembered as the Most Important Ones? Implications of Data Collected in 12 Countries.” National Memories: Constructing Identity in Populist Times, edited by Henry L Roediger III and James V. Wertsch. Oxford University Press, 2022, pp. 190-208.

Abstract: World War II as a global war had an impact upon almost all nations. The events that took place during the war and their consequences are still being debated today, decades later. Here, we discuss the results of two empirical studies, in which we examined how people from 12 different nations remembered the war. Participants from Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, Russia, the UK, and the US were asked to nominate the 10 most important events of World War II. The results show great cross-national overlap in events considered to be the most important ones, but also striking differences. In particular, Russian participants’ narrative seems quite different from that of other nationals. We discuss potential ways in which national memories may come to adapt to a particular perspective over time but also how persistent idiosyncratic memories of a nation’s past may serve national identity.

Burnell, Ryan, Robert A. Nash, Sharda Umanath, and Maryanne Garry. “Memories People No Longer Believe in Can Still Affect Them in Helpful and Harmful Ways.” Memory & Cognition, vol. 50, 2022, pp. 1319-1335.

Abstract: People can come to “remember” experiences they never had, and these false memories—much like memories for real experiences—can serve a variety of helpful and harmful functions. Sometimes, though, people realize one of their memories is false, and retract their belief in it. These “retracted memories” continue to have many of the same phenomenological characteristics as their believed memories. But can they also continue to serve functions? Across four experiments, we asked subjects to rate the extent to which their retracted memories serve helpful and harmful functions and compared these functions with those served by “genuine” autobiographical memories. People rated their retracted memories as serving both helpful and harmful functions, much like their genuine memories. In addition, we found only weak relationships between people’s belief in their memories and the extent to which those memories served perceived functions. These results suggest memories can serve functions even in the absence of belief and highlight the potential for false memories to affect people’s thinking and behavior even after people have retracted them.

Coane, Jennifer H., Sharda Umanath, Tamar Cimenian, and Kai Chang. “Using the Phenomenology of Memory for Recent Events to Bridge the Gap Between Episodic and Semantic Memory.” Memory & Cognition, vol. 50, 2022, pp. 495-511.

Abstract: Public events such as celebrity news, tragedies, and political events are widely experienced. Initially at least, memories of these events are “episodic” in nature; however, these events are also stored in associative networks similar to the semantic organization of knowledge (N. R. Brown, 1990, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 119[3], 297–314). Thus, these memories provide a novel way of examining how episodically experienced events might become semanticized and integrated into the knowledge base. Younger and older adults rated their subjective memory strength for and answered questions about details of events occurring over the previous 12 years. Participants also rated their phenomenological experience using a modified remember/know paradigm, in which no instructions about usage of the terms were provided. Interestingly, remembered and known items were equal in terms of subjective strength. Know responses were highly accurate, and more so than remember responses. Older and younger adults performed similarly. Participants’ own definitions of remember, know, and just familiar revealed that knowing is associated with retrieval from semantic memory, whereas remembering and just familiarity are more associated with event/episodic memory. These results suggest that memory for public events shares phenomenological features with both episodic/event memory and semantic memory. Public events thus allow researchers to examine the complex ways in which storage of novel information can be jointly maintained in both episodic and semantic memory.

De Brigard, Felipe, Sharda Umanath, and Muireann Irish. “Rethinking the Distinction between Episodic and Semantic Memory: Insights from the Past, Present, and Future.” Memory & Cognition, vol. 50, 2022, pp. 459-463.

Abstract: On the 50th anniversary of Tulving’s introduction of the celebrated distinction between episodic and semantic memory, it seems more than fitting to revisit his proposal in light of recent conceptual and methodological advances in the field. This Special Issue of Memory & Cognition brings together researchers doing cutting-edge work at the intersection between episodic and semantic memory to showcase studies directly probing this psychological distinction, as well as articles that seek to provide conceptual and theoretical accounts to understand their interaction. The 14 articles presented here highlight the need to critically examine the way in which we conceptualize not only the relationship between episodic and semantic memory, but also the interplay between declarative and non-declarative memory, and the myriad implications of such conceptual changes. In many ways, we suggest this Special Issue might serve as a call to action for our field, inspiring future work to challenge pre-existing conceptions and stimulate new directions in this fast-moving field.

Deffler, Samantha A., Megan Itagaki*, Madeline Valdez*, and Sharda Umanath. “Memory of Where Predicts Confidence in When: The Role of Spatial Information in Dating Autobiographical Events.” Memory, vol. 30, issue 8, 2022, pp. 955-970.

Abstract: How do we know when a remembered event took place? Contemporary theories suggest that temporal landmarks, conventional time patterns, transitions, and lifetime periods, among other strategies, help reconstruct the date of an event. Spatial information plays a privileged role in participants’ experiences of reliving and vividness during remembering. Given its influence on these key properties, we conducted two experiments with undergraduate students (n_Study 1 = 151, n_Study 2 = 141) to test whether spatial information may also contribute uniquely to confidently dating a memory. Results from the two experiments revealed (1) higher levels of spatial details while remembering predicted greater confidence when dating memories and (2) spatial information is used to reconstruct dates of events by extending prior work that previously subsumed spatial information into the broader category of contextual details (e.g., Ben Malek et al., 2017). Participants utilised spatial information to date 26.6% of their memories; confirming previous work, they also utilised temporal landmarks, lifetime periods, and contextual details often to date events. Overall, spatial information is an important factor in dating autobiographical memories that had not been explored independently until this investigation. We discuss the implications for theories regarding the dating of memories and event memory.

Abstract: Crime control theater (CCT) are criminal justice policies and laws that are widely favored by the public but are demonstrated empirical failures. Across two experiments, this research examines video interventions designed to change the public’s views toward two sexual offender CCT laws—sex offender housing restrictions and sex offender registry laws. In Experiment 1 (N = 217), both factual and narrative-based interventions were successful in lowering participants’ ratings of support but not effectiveness for these policies. However, whereas participants viewed the narrative-based videos as more engaging, coherent, and emotional, these differences did not translate into more significant attitude transformations or learning of the unintended consequences of these policies. In Experiment 2 (N = 133), these findings were largely replicated, and, importantly, the decrease in participants’ support for these policies after the intervention was maintained a week later, with smaller decreases in participants’ ratings of effectiveness evident. Yet, the exact mechanism of these attitudinal changes remains unclear but appears unrelated to their memory for or engagement with the interventions. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.

Umanath, Sharda and Magdalena Abel. “United States’s and Germany’s Collective Memories of Pride and Shame for American and German History.” National Memories: Constructing Identity in Populist Times, edited by Henry L. Roediger III and James v. Wertsch. Oxford University Press, 2022, pp. 236-256.

Piercarlo Valdesolo, Associate Professor of Psychology

Valdesolo, Piercarlo. “Awe, Approached.” The Oxford Handbook of the Positive Humanities, edited by Louis Tay and James O. Pawelski. Oxford University Press, 2022, pp. 233-242.

Abstract: Experiences of states like awe, wonder, inspiration and curiosity have been empirically linked with both human flourishing as well as with engagement in the arts and humanities. Recent research in affective science investigating the structure of these emotions has begun to shed light on exactly why. This chapter argues for two ways in which these disciplines may promote human flourishing via their capacity to trigger such states in observers. It begins by laying out a conceptual framework for awe and its relation to other similar states. It will then survey existing research on awe’s relationship to two domains of well-being: the self-transcendent and the epistemic.