*Indicates student co-author.
Jenna, Gilder and Majorie H. Charlop. “Increasing Social Communication by Teaching Texting to Autistic Children.” Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders, vol. 7, 2023, pp. 403-414.
Abstract: Objectives: In the present study, we increased the social communication of four autistic children by teaching texting conversation skills on smart phones. Methods: A multiple baseline design across two dyads was used to assess the texting conversation intervention, with additional generalization probes taken across texting partners and FaceTime® sessions. One-month maintenance probes were also assessed. Results: All four participants increased their conversational texting, and their conversation content was novel. Generalization across texting partners occurred, and skills were maintained. Appropriate verbal content spoken during FaceTime® probes was also observed.Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of the potential benefits of teaching autistic children social communication through text.
Conger, Jay and Craig L. Pearce. “Empowerment's Pivotal Role in Enhancing Effective Self-Leadership and Shared Leadership.” Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior, edited by Edwin A. Locke and Craig L. Pearce. John Wiley & Sons, 2023, pp. 293-310.
Abstract: The topic of empowerment has received limited attention as a contributory factor in self-leadership and shared leadership. In this chapter, we outline why it is a pivotal factor for both forms of leadership and its specific contributions to each. Empowerment interventions are described in detail and the means by which they can be best implemented.
Conger, Jay. “Redefining Followership: Towards an Expansive Construct of the Followers of Charismatic Leaders in Entrepreneurial Organizations.” The Sage Handbook of Leadership, 2nd edition, edited by Doris Schedlitzki, Magnus Larsson, Brigid Carroll, Michelle C. Bligh, and Olga Epitropaki. SAGE Publications, 2023, pp. 154-163.
Abstract: Abstract: This article questions current conceptions of followership. It offers new hypotheses that the construct of followers can apply to external stakeholders as well as organizational members. Employing a series of recent case histories of charismatic leaders, it illustrates the roles of investors, venture partners and the media as 'followers' of charismatic leaders. The article calls for a new research agenda to broaden our understanding of the many roles that external stakeholders play in enhancing a leader's charisma and building their credibility and influence.
Day, David, Jay Conger, and Laura Dannhäuser. “Developing the Senior Leadership Team for Dynamic Capabilities.” Senior Leadership Teams and the Agile Organization, edited by Stephen J. Zaccaro, Nathan J. Hiller, and Richard Klimoski. Routledge, 2023, pp. 291-316.
Abstract: This chapter presents theory and practice related to developing collective dynamic capabilities in the senior leadership team. Theoretical influences are drawn from the literature on collective leadership development and the interrelationship between collective dynamic capabilities and requisite complexity. Practices and processes on how collective dynamic capabilities are developed are discussed using data from case studies and interviews in conjunction with relevant literature.
Davis, Deborah, Iris Blandon-Gitlin, Hayley Cleary, Mark Costanzo, Richard A. Leo, Stephen Margolis. “Interrogation by Proxy: The Growing Role of Lay Interrogators in Eliciting Criminal Confessions.” Criminal Law Bulletin, vol. 59, no. 4, 2023, pp. 395-479.
Abstract: Scientific research on police interrogations and confessions has mushroomed since the 1990s. This wealth of theoretical and empirical work is restricted almost exclusively to circumstances where suspects are interrogated by persons they know to be police officers. However, suspects are often interrogated by, and offer incriminating statements or confessions to, persons who are not (or who are believed not to be) law enforcement personnel. We refer to these practices as “interrogations by proxy.” In this Article we explore four such practices: (1) pretext calls, where lay persons (often alleged victims) make recorded phone calls to suspects under the supervision of police using a pretext to elicit incriminating statements (the suspect is unaware that police are listening to the call and that the call is being recorded); (2) Perkins Operations, where undercover police officers pretend to be fellow jail inmates in a deceptive attempt to seduce suspects into making incriminating statements about their alleged crimes; (3) Mr. Big Operations, where undercover officers attempt to elicit confessions to crimes in the context of involving them in fake criminal organizations and activities; and (4) schoolhouse interrogations, where school administrators—either independently or in concert with school resource officers—elicit incriminating statements from students on school grounds that are then turned over to police for investigation and prosecution. “Interrogations by Proxy” have remained almost entirely unaddressed in the research literature. We explain why these procedures were developed, how they are enacted, and how they are similar and dissimilar to standard police interrogations. Finally, we discuss the ethics, risks, and unintended consequences of interrogations by proxy.
Day, David and Darja Kragt. “Leadership Development: Past, Present and Future.” The SAGE Handbook of Leadership, edited by Doris Schedlitzki, Magnus Larsson, Brigid Carroll, Michelle C. Bligh, and Olga Epitropaki. SAGE, 2023, pp. 164-177.
Day, David, Jay Conger, and Laura Dannhäuser. “Developing the Senior Leadership Team for Dynamic Capabilities.” Senior Leadership Teams and the Agile Organization, edited by Stephen J. Zaccaro, Nathan J. Hiller, and Richard Klimoski. Routledge, 2023, pp. 291-316.
Abstract: This chapter presents theory and practice related to developing collective dynamic capabilities in the senior leadership team. Theoretical influences are drawn from the literature on collective leadership development and the interrelationship between collective dynamic capabilities and requisite complexity. Practices and processes on how collective dynamic capabilities are developed are discussed using data from case studies and interviews in conjunction with relevant literature.
Day, David. “Leadership Development.” The SAGE Encyclopedia of Leadership Studies, Volume 2, edited by George R. Goethals, Scott T. Allison, and Georgia J. Sorenson. SAGE, 2023, pp. 560-563.
Oc, Burak, Kraivin Chinakananda, Michael R. Bashshur, and David Day. “The Study of Followers in Leadership Research: A Systematic and Critical Review.” The Leadership Quarterly, vol. 34, issue 1, 2023, 101674.
Abstract: Despite the significant amount of existing research examining the relationship of follower-related factors with leadership outcomes, there is no systematic, critical review that integrates and helps leadership scholars make sense of this rapidly growing body of research. To address this gap in the literature, we first briefly discuss the leading perspectives explaining the role of followers in leadership. Next, we identify and discuss the most frequently studied theoretical narratives explaining the relationship between follower-related predictors and leadership outcomes. Because theoretical arguments generally make causal claims, we identify and examine how methodological concerns including power analysis, multicollinearity, and endogeneity might prevent researchers from supporting those claims. We further explore how these concerns, when relevant and unaddressed, might affect the reported effect sizes. We provide recommendations to help meaningfully structure the field and seed conversations for theoretical and methodological advancements in research on the role of followers in leadership.
Boullion, Anna Maria, Linnea B. Linde-Krieger, Stacey Doan, and Tuppett M. Yates. “Parental Warmth, Adolescent Emotion Regulation, and Adolescents’ Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Front Psychology, vol. 14, 2023.
Abstract:
Introduction: The United States (U.S.) Surgeon General Advisory has characterized the COVID-19 pandemic as a youth mental health crisis. Thus, elucidating factors affecting adolescents’ mental health during the pandemic is important for supporting youth through current and future challenges. Parenting influences adolescents’ ability to cope with stressors, and emotion regulation strategy use may underlie these effects.
Methods: This longitudinal study of 206 adolescents (49% female; 46.6% Latine) from the U.S. evaluated pathways from perceived parental warmth and affection at age 12 to changes in adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems from before the pandemic (age 14) to the initial phase of the U.S COVID-19 pandemic in Spring 2020 (age 15) through adolescents’ pre-pandemic cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression emotion regulation strategy use at age 14.
Results: Parental warmth and affection predicted decreased internalizing, but not externalizing, problems during the initial phase of the pandemic, and this effect was explained by adolescents’ reduced reliance on expressive suppression as an emotion regulation strategy.
Conclusion: These findings illuminate parenting and emotion regulation strategy selection as modifiable processes to support adolescents’ mental health in this crisis and beyond.
Burniston, Anna Beth, Courtney P. Chan, Jessica M. Vicman, Patricia A. Smiley, and Stacey Doan. “Maternal and Paternal Emotion Socialization and Children’s Physiological Stress Regulation.” Journal of Child and Family Studies, vol. 32, 2023, pp. 2099-2112.
Abstract: Parental emotion socialization (ES) has been correlated with children’s adaptive emotion regulation. However, few studies have examined simultaneously the influence of mothers’ and fathers’ supportive ES practices on children’s physiological stress regulation, as indexed by cortisol—and the potential moderating role of child gender. In the present study, participants were 42 mothers, fathers, and their preschool-aged children (Mage = 42.36 months; 24 girls). Emotion socialization was assessed via observational coding and child stress regulation was measured through salivary cortisol samples taken throughout a series of stressor tasks. We found that greater maternal supportive ES significantly predicted children’s lower total cortisol output, while greater paternal supportive ES significantly predicted children’s higher total cortisol output. Child gender did not moderate the relations. Our findings underscore the important preventative opportunity for parents to teach children how to adaptively cope with emotions, which could influence their physiological ability to regulate the stress response.
Doan, Stacey, Anna Beth Burniston, Patricia Smiley, and Cindy H. Liu. “COVID-19 Pandemic and Changes in Children’s Behavioral Problems: The Mediating Role of Maternal Depressive Symptoms.” Children, vol. 10, no. 6, 2023, pp. 977.
Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic has been linked to a range of behavioral problems in children. To date, however, longitudinal studies with data prior to the pandemic are rare, and moreover, few studies have examined the family context. This is notable as evidence suggests that mothers were highly vulnerable to the effects of the pandemic, and stress proliferation models would argue that children’s wellbeing are undoubtedly affected by maternal wellbeing. In the current investigation, we examine changes in maternal depressive symptoms and children’s behavioral problems from prior to the pandemic to the first few months of COVID-19 in the U.S. The results suggest a significant increase in children’s internalizing problems and maternal depressive symptoms. Consistent with stress proliferation models, the relationship between COVID-19-related stressors and children’s behavioral problems were mediated by maternal mental health.
Doan, Stacey, Samantha MacDonald, and Kavya Swaminathan. “The Socialization of Positive Emotions: Implications for Physical Health and Psychological Adjustment.” Mental Health & Prevention, vol. 30, 2023, 200272.
Abstract: Positive emotions have a wide range of benefits including increasing well-being, broadening cognitions, and buffering against the effects of stress, with implications for mental health. To date, however, research on positive emotions have not been integrated with developmental perspectives, particularly areas of emotion socialization, thus the development of positive emotions and its regulation in children is poorly understood. In this narrative review paper, we integrate positive psychology research with developmental science - particularly, the literature on emotion socialization, to examine how socialization processes in the family may affect the experience, expression, and regulation of positive emotions and consequently the extent to which positive emotions may in turn affect mental health. We first provide an overview of positive emotions, couch it in the context of emotion socialization, discuss relevant gaps, propose a conceptual model, and emphasize opportunities for future research.
Doan, Stacey, Sunita K. Patel, Bin Xie, Rebecca A. Nelson, and Lisa D. Yee. “Disrupting the Mood and Obesity Cycle: The Potential Role of Metformin.” Obserities, vol. 3, issue 1, 2023, pp. 59-75.
Abstract: Mounting evidence links obesity, metabolic dysfunction, mood, and cognition. Compromised metabolic health and psychological functioning worsen clinical outcomes, diminish quality of life, and contribute to comorbid conditions. As a medication with both insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects, metformin affords the exciting opportunity to abrogate the bidirectional relationship between poor metabolic health and psychological function. In the current paper, we review the literature linking metformin to mood and cognitive function, examine potential underlying mechanisms, and suggest new directions for investigating the role of metformin in increasing adherence to health behavior recommendations
Henshaw, Erin J., Marie Cooper, Teresa Wood, Stacey Doan, Sanchita Krishna, and Marie Lockhart. “Psychological Predictors of Early Postpartum Depressive and Anxious Symptoms in Primiparous Women and Their Partners.” BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 23, 2023, article no. 209.
Abstract:
Background
While the majority of research on postpartum depressive and anxious symptoms has focused on mothers, a growing body of research suggests a need to understand the role of the partner’s health and relationship quality as predictors of postpartum maternal depression, while also better understanding correlates of partner or paternal depression in the postpartum period. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate mother and partner stress, anxiety, mood, infant care support, and relationship quality as predictors of perinatal depressive and anxious symptoms in first time mothers and partners during the postpartum hospital stay.
Methods
First time parent couples (n = 116) completed a survey during the two-day postpartum stay in a Midwest hospital. Depressive (EPDS) and anxiety symptoms (DASS-21-Anxiety) were assessed in both mothers and partners. Hierarchical linear regression was used to evaluate relationship satisfaction, partner infant care support, stress, and co-parent mood as predictors of mood in mothers and partners separately.
Results
Stress was a predictor of anxiety and depression symptoms in both mothers and partners. Additionally, co-parent anxiety significantly predicted anxiety in both mothers and partners. Maternal relationship satisfaction was a predictor of the partner’s depressive symptoms, and maternal perceptions of partner infant support predicted maternal depressive symptoms.
Conclusions
Together, these results suggest that stress, relationship satisfaction, and co-parent mood are related to depressive and anxious symptoms in mothers and partner, underscoring the need to continue exploring mother and partner mental health in a dyadic framework.
Son, Heimi and Stacey Doan. “Cultural Differences in Maternal Emotion Control Values and Children’s Expressive Flexibility.” Social Development, vol. 32, issue 2, 2023, pp. 501-516.
Abstract: Expressive flexibility is the ability to express or suppress one's emotions to meet the demands of the situation. Recent work suggests that expressive flexibility is associated with better adjustment. However, few studies have focused on expressive flexibility in children. In addition, there is a dearth of research on possible correlates, such as culture, parental emotion socialization, and socioeconomic status, that may be associated with expressive flexibility competencies in children. The purpose of this study was to investigate cultural differences in children's expressive flexibility, maternal emotion control values (ECVs), and their relations to family socioeconomic status (SES) during middle childhood in a sample of European American (N = 31, M age = 9.61 years; 54.8% males), Korean American (N = 38, M age = 9.16 years; 55.3% males) and South Korean children (N = 77, M age = 9.74 years; 51.9% males). Mothers reported on demographics and their emotion control values. Children's expressive flexibility ability was assessed using a lab-based observational measure. Multivariate analyses of covariance controlling for SES, child age, and gender suggested significant cultural differences in expressive flexibility, with the U.S. children (both European and Korean Americans) scoring higher on expressive flexibility compared to their South Korean counterparts. Results also suggested significant cultural differences regarding maternal ECVs; Korean Americans were more similar to South Koreans, both scoring higher on ECVs than European Americans. Socioeconomic status, but not maternal ECVs, were associated with children's expressive flexibility, independent of child age, sex, and culture.
Venkatesh, Shruthi, Alexandra Gill, Lauren Kim, and Stacey Doan. “Mothers’ Intentions to Vaccinate Their Children for COVID-19.” AIMS Public Health, vol. 10, issue 1, 2023, pp. 209-218.
Abstract: Parents' intentions to vaccinate their children is an important area of investigation in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a growing body of research examining factors that influence parents' vaccine intentions. The current study investigated factors that would influence maternal intent to vaccinate their children for COVID-19, shortly before the CDC approved vaccines for children 11 and younger. We had a sample of n = 176 mothers (Mchildage = 71.63 months, 52% White) from California fill out an online survey during February–April 2021. Our results suggest that perceived COVID-19 threat predicts mothers' intention to vaccinate their children (b = 0.370, p < 0.001), controlling for mothers' age, socioeconomic status, race, and child age. Child age (b = 0.027, p = 0.008), SES (b = 0.396, p = 0.018), and child previous flu shot (b = 0.725, p < 0.001) also positively predicted mothers' intention to vaccinate their children. Results are discussed in light of prior research on maternal vaccine intentions and hesitancy.
External Grant: Doan, Stacey, Principal Investigator. “Project PRISM: Promoting Resilience by Improving Student Mindfulness” Ho Family Foundation Global Contemplation, Insight and Impact Grant. 2023, $250,205.
Abstract: The current grant supports the adaptation and implementation of an effective, scalable, mindfulness intervention among BIPOC adolescents in underserved communities. Specifically, funding will support the activities of Project PRISM: Promoting Resilience by Improving Students’ Mindfulness. Funding from the Ho Foundation specifically supports (1) adapting the intervention to BIPOC youth, (2) evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention on both psychological and biological outcomes, and (3) identifying individual characteristics that may impact the effects of the intervention. In other words, following a precision medicine-based approach, we will explore psychological and biological characteristics to determine who may benefit the most.
We plan to engage stakeholders including school principals and counselors and implement a culturally sensitive mindfulness-based resilience intervention. Importantly, we will use the gold standard of clinical trial design (a randomized control trial) to test its effectiveness on multiple outcomes. We will examine the impact of the intervention compared to a control group on 1) mindfulness competencies, 2) emotional awareness, 3) maladaptive cognitive processes (e.g. rumination), 4) mental health, and 5) objective markers of chronic stress (e.g. stress hormones and metabolic markers). The proposed prevention trial has the potential to establish evidence for mindfulness training to prevent mental health and health problems among BIPOC youth, while simultaneously illuminating the pathophysiology of risk for mental health problems and health morbidities in minoritized groups.
External Grant: Doan, Stacey and Saeideh Hesmati, Co-Principal Investigators. “Network Dynamics of Family Emotions. A Systems Level Approach to Adolescent Well-Being.” Blais Challenge Award. 2023, $24,900.
Abstract: This project delves into the crucial role of family emotional dynamics in shaping the physiological and psychological well-being of adolescents. While existing research has predominantly focused on dyadic caregiver-child relationships, this study adopts a network approach by considering secondary caregivers, family structures, and extended family members. Using dynamic network modeling and ecological momentary assessment (EMA), it explores emotional synchrony's stability and role in stress diffusion within family networks, and its impact on adolescent development. The findings can inform interventions addressing social connections, family dynamics, and community well-being, aligning with the latest US Surgeon General's Advisory.
Argote, Nohelia, Chloe Darlington, Jennifer Feitosa, Eduardo Salas. “Bouncing Back as a Virtual Team: Essential Elements of Virtual Team Resilience.” Handbook of Virtual Work, edited by Lucy L. Gilson, Thomas O’Neill, and M. Travis Maynard. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 325-346.
Abstract: Organizational complexity fosters the creation of teams to effectively carry out work. As organizations globalize and adopt the use of virtual work, technology-driven communication and geographic dispersion both contribute to virtual team dynamics and carry the potential to challenge virtual teamwork. Virtual teams equipped to address and bounce back from adversity are poised to maintain or outperform expectations. This chapter discusses the empirical background that comprises virtual team resilience by distinguishing team resilience from individual and organizational-level definitions, stressing implications the virtuality context affords to clarify virtual team resilience. Following this, a multidimensional model for virtual team resilience is proposed. The model includes elements deemed essential to building virtual team resilience and explores how each element functions alongside four critical phases teams cyclically undergo. The chapter culminates with a discussion and recommendations for increasing and utilizing resilient behaviors when required.
Benda, Angie N., William S. Kramer, Mary E. Baak, and Jennifer Feitosa. “Understanding Trust in Virtual Work Teams.” Handbook of Virtual Work, edited by Lucy L. Gilson, Thomas O’Neill, and M. Travis Maynard. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 305-324.
External Grant: Feitosa, Jennifer. Fulbright U.S. Scholars Program, January 1-June 30, 2023, $28,260.
External Grant: Feitosa, Jennifer. Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2023, $5,000.
Chan, Neilson, Rachel M. Fenning, and Cameron L. Neece. “Prevalence and Phenomenology of Anxiety in Preschool-Aged Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, vol. 51, 2023, pp. 33-45.
Abstract: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at a higher risk for developing co-occurring anxiety symptoms and diagnosable anxiety disorders compared to children with neurotypical development (NTD). The objective of the current study was to characterize the prevalence and phenomenology of anxiety in preschool-aged children with ASD. Our sample consisted of preschoolers (M = 52.8 months, SD = 10.8 months) with ASD (n = 77, 66% with co-occurring intellectual disability, ID) and NTD (n = 55). We employed multi-method (questionnaire and semi-structured diagnostic interview) and multi-informant (parent- and teacher-report) assessments of anxiety. Children with ASD were significantly more likely to meet criteria for an anxiety disorder than children with NTD. Over 70% of our sample with ASD met DSM-5 criteria for an anxiety disorder, with Specific Phobia and Separation Anxiety Disorder being the most prevalent. A range of specific fears was endorsed in the group with ASD, many of which overlapped with ASD symptoms. Parents, but not teachers, also reported greater anxiety symptoms for children with ASD relative to the comparison sample. Prevalence and phenomenology of anxiety in our sample with ASD generally did not differ between those with and without co-occurring ID, with the exception of higher rates of generalized anxiety in those without ID. Results showed poor concordance between parent questionnaires and a semi-structured diagnostic interview in detecting clinically-elevated anxiety in children with ASD. Implications for clinical practice and research are discussed.
Fenning, Rachel, Eric. M. Butter, Megan Norris, James Chan, Eric A. Macklin, Kelly McKinnon-Bermingham, Charles Albright, Kevin G. Stephenson, Jessica Scherr, Jacquelyn Moffitt, Amy Hess, Robin Steinberg-Epstein, and Karen A. Kuhlthau. “Optimizing Parent Training to Improve Oral Health Behavior and Outcomes in Underserved Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 53, 2023, pp. 3683-3699.
Abstract: A randomized controlled trial established initial efficacy of a novel parent training (PT) intervention for improving oral hygiene and oral health in underserved children with ASD (Fenning et al., 2022), a population at risk for unmet dental needs. The present study describes our emic approach to PT development alongside treatment outcome data examining feasibility, acceptability, and engagement. Families with Medicaid-eligible children with ASD ages 3 to 13 years (85% male, 62% with intellectual disability) were assigned to receive PT (n = 60) or a psychoeducational toolkit (n = 59). Results indicate strong retention, fidelity, and adherence, with quantitative and qualitative metrics revealing high treatment satisfaction and utilization. Discussion focuses on implications for individualizing treatment to optimize engagement of underrepresented families.
Iwamoto, Brooke K., Cameron L. Neece, Aarti Nair, Nicholas J. Rockwood, Rachel Fenning, Megan L. Krantz, and Tori R. Van Dyk. “Exploring Bidirectional Relationships: Child Sleep Duration, Child Behavior Problems, and Parenting Stress in Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, vol. 106, 2023, 102197.
Abstract: Background: Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are at-risk for sleep and behavior problems, and their parents are at-risk for high stress. Child sleep duration, behavior problems, and parenting stress are interrelated; however, directionality of these associations is unclear and research including youth with ASD is lacking. Using a day-to-day, within-person design, this study explores the directionality of these relationships in families of children with ASD. Method: Twenty-six children (ages 3–5, 73.1 % male, 65.4 % Hispanic/Latino) with ASD and their mothers participated in a 14-day study. Child sleep duration (parent-report and actigraphy), behavior problems, and parenting stress were measured daily. Constructs were decomposed into their within- and between-person components and analyzed with random intercept cross-lagged panel models. Results: While between-person relationships were directionally expected in that shorter sleep, more behavior problems, and greater parenting stress were associated, within-person relationships were complicated. Better-than-average child behavior was associated with less next-day parenting stress, yet more parenting stress than average was associated with better next-day child behavior. As expected, longer-than-average child sleep was associated with less next-day parenting stress, while greater child behavior problems were associated with less sleep that night. Conclusions: Understanding the directionality of associations between child and parent factors allows for the optimization of interventions to improve the quality of life for families of children with ASD. Interventions that target child behavior and/or help parents manage stress while maintaining effective parenting strategies for sleep and behavior may be useful.
Stephenson, Kevin G., Rachel M. Fenning, Eric A. Macklin, Frances Lu, Megan Norris, Robin Steinberg-Epstein, and Eric M. Butter. “Child Behavior Problems and Parenting Stress in Underserved Families of Children with ASD: Investigation of Family Resources and Parenting Self-Efficacy.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, vol. 53, 2023, pp. 3787-3798.
Abstract: Behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exacerbate parenting stress. Parenting self-efficacy and family resources may influence this association. We examined cross-sectional statistical mediation effects of parenting self-efficacy on the relationship between child behavior problems and parenting stress and hypothesized that family-level resources moderated this indirect effect. Participants included 132 underserved (Medicaid-eligible) children with ASD (ages 3–13) with racial/ethnic diversity; many (63%) had intellectual disability. Greater externalizing problems were linked with lower parenting self-efficacy, which in turn was associated with increased parenting stress. A larger mediation effect was observed for families with fewer resources. A plausible alternative model (parenting stress mediating parenting self-efficacy) exhibited poorer fit. Implications for family supports and benefits of longitudinal follow-up are discussed.
External Grant: Fenning, Rachel. Grant awarded to the Leon Strauss Autism Clinic at The Claremont Autism Center. Simon-Strauss Foundation, 2023.
Harris, Alison, Perri McElvain, Alvin Villarosa, Chandlyr Denaro, and Catherine Reed. “Individual Variability in Sensorimotor Mu Suppression to Observation of Human Actions.” Journal of Vision, vol. 23, issue 9, 2023, 5853.
Abstract: Humans are skilled at inferring emotions and intentions from the observation of others’ actions. One influential explanation for this perceptual capability is action simulation theory, which proposes that we understand body language by internally simulating, or recreating, others’ movements with our own sensorimotor systems. Supporting this idea, studies using electroencephalography (EEG) have reported that both executing movements oneself and observing the actions of others are associated with reductions in the power of the mu rhythm, a neural oscillation (8-14 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex. However, reports of “mu suppression” for action observation have been inconsistent, perhaps because most previous studies have measured mu suppression over a limited number of sensors in small samples of participants. Here we collected data in a sample of 46 participants using high-density 128-channel EEG, which we combined with previously collected data for a total sample of 98 individuals. We compared mu suppression while participants performed a motor execution task (finger tapping) and viewed point-light displays (PLDs) of whole-body movements. Consistent with previous studies, we found a significant correlation between motor execution and suppression of the mu rhythm over central sensors. However, results for observing PLDs of others’ movements were inconsistent: whereas 51% of participants displayed typical mu suppression, others showed enhancement (23%) or no differences in power (26%). These results were not explained by differences in performance on an attentional monitoring task. Thus, action simulation does not appear to be a necessary component of body movement perception. Future research should explore potential factors underlying individual differences in action simulation, such as measures of cognitive ability and explicit knowledge of nonverbal cues.
Reed, Catherine, Heather Shipley, Chandlyr Denaro, Alan Hartley, and Alison Harris. “Influence of Aging and Cognitive Load on Alpha-band Oscillation.” Journal of Vision, vol. 23, no. 9, 2023, 5862.
Abstract: Nearly a century ago, the first human measurements of brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) identified oscillatory neural rhythms over parietal cortex between the frequencies of 8 and 14 Hz—the so-called alpha rhythm. However, despite extensive research linking alpha-band oscillations to psychological processes such as controlled knowledge access and attentional selection, the extent to which alpha-rhythms vary across states (e.g., cognitive load) has remained subject to debate. In addition, changes in alpha-band oscillations have been associated with aging possibly as a result of white-matter degeneration in regions within the default mode network (DMN), but most of this work has examined resting alpha and not task-related alpha. Here we compared alpha-band oscillations across two different age groups, younger (n = 30; 18-30 years) and older (n = 30; 57-90 years), in terms of both between-group measures of alpha power and individual variation in peak alpha frequency (PAF). We measured alpha-band oscillations across four tasks associated with increasing cognitive load: resting with eyes closed, resting with eye open, passive visual oddball, and active visual oddball. Across tasks there appeared to be overall lower PAF and alpha power in the older age group. Age also appeared to interact with increased cognitive load (i.e., across tasks). Aging affects communication within the DMN as well as other areas of the brain used in task-related activities associated with attentional control. Age may also reduce the ability of the brain to modulate alpha-band oscillations to mediate ongoing internally directed cognitive processes.
Hwang, Wei-Chin. “Somatization.” The SAGE Encyclopedia of Multicultural Counseling, Social Justice and Advocacy, Volume 4, edited by Shannon B. Dermer and Jahaan R. Abdullah. SAGE, 2023, pp. 1461-1464.
Abstract: The term somatization refers to the physical manifestation of psychological distress through the “soma,” the Greek word for body. The suffix “ation” or the derivative “ization” is the process or action that leads to the resulting state or consequence, which in this case is the experience of stress and emotional angst through the body. However, the nature and extent to which somatization occurs, and the relative emphasis, balance, or proportion of somatization vs. psychologizing through the mind (also known as “psyche”), is influenced by the cultural context. This entry discusses the origins and manifestation of somatization, how somatization is similar and different across cultures, and provides an overview of somatic diagnoses (e.g., somatic symptom disorder). Because those who express their distress somatically are more likely to seek help in primary care instead of mental health settings, education and training of doctors and health care professionals is key to coordinating care and ensuring that individuals who are in need receive appropriate referrals and effective treatment.
Niu, Lijie, Yawen Li, Wei-Chin Hwang, Gaole Song, and Bin Xie. “Prevalence and Management of Type 2 Diabetes Among Chinese Americans.” Ethnicity & Health, vol. 28, issue 6, 2023, pp. 809-821.
Abstract:
Aims
This study examines: (a) the prevalence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Chinese Americans (CAs); (b) the influence of acculturative status (i.e. generational status and linguistic fluency) on T2DM prevalence; (c) and differences in diabetes management between CAs and Non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs).
Methods
We used 2011–2018 data from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) to analyze the prevalence rate and management of diabetes among the CAs. Chi-squares, linear regressions, and logistic regressions were used to analyze the data.
Results
After controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health behaviors, there were no significant differences in the T2DM prevalence rate between CAs overall or of varying acculturative statuses compared with NHWs. However, there were differences in diabetes management, with first-generation CAs being less likely to exam glucose daily, have medical care plans developed by medical providers, or have confidence in controlling diabetes compared to NHWs. CAs with limited English proficiency (LEP) were less likely to perform self-monitoring of blood glucose or have confidence in managing their diabetes care compared to NHWs. Finally, non-first generation CAs were also more likely to take diabetes medication compared to NHWs.
Conclusions
Although the prevalence rate of T2DM was found to be similar between CAs and NHWs, significant differences were found in diabetes care and management. Specifically, those who were less acculturated (e.g. first generation and those with LEP) were less likely to actively manage and have confidence in managing their T2DM. These results highlight the importance of targeting immigrants with LEP in prevention and intervention efforts.
Cutler, Brian L. and Daniel Krauss. “Expert Psychological Testimony.” The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law, edited by David DeMatteo and Kyle Scherr. Oxford University Press, 2023, pp. 56-68.
Abstract: Psychologists offer expert testimony on a variety of psychological topics in civil, criminal, and family law cases, and this testimony is often challenged by the opposing party. The laws and procedures governing the admissibility of expert psychological testimony are the same ones that determine the admissibility of other forms of expert testimony. The content of expert psychological testimony may include expert opinions about mental states relevant to legal proceedings (e.g., a criminal defendant’s mental state at the time of offense), or it may be used to educate the fact-finders about scientific research findings (e.g., research on mistaken eyewitness identification). Considerable psychological research has investigated matters such as the need for expert psychological testimony and bias among experts in the adversarial system. Psychologists serving as expert witnesses must be aware of and sensitive to ethical issues governing their practices with a number of professional associations providing ethical guidelines for expert witnesses.
DeMier, Richart L. and Daniel Krauss. “Forensic Report Writing: Proposing a Research Agenda.” The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Law, edited by David DeMatteo and Kyle Scherr. Oxford University Press, 2023, pp. 135-147.
Abstract: Most guidance for forensic report writing lacks empirical support. Current recommendations have largely been derived from ethical principles, the professional literature, and, in some cases, personal experiences. This chapter briey reviews these existing recommendations, their rationales, and, when it exists, their scientic foundations. Practical and stylistic considerations are discussed, from language choice to issues such as relevance of data and how to frame diagnoses. The chapter proposes a research agenda to investigate whether existing guidance can be empirically supported. Broad research questions are proposed to stimulate thought about additional empirical work, and some initial ideas about how to approach specic hypotheses are considered. In particular, researchers need to further investigate ways to fashion reports that legal actors and other consumers of the information will read, understand, and use appropriately.
Staal, Mark A., Larry K. Lewis, David M. Corey, Daniel Krauss, Jeffery N. Younggren, David DeMatteo, Philip S. Trompetter, Natasha M. Annis, Paul J. Dean, Christopher A. Myers, Daniel J. Neller, and James A. Stephenson. “Operational Psychology Practice Guidelines Task Force.” American Psychological Association, 2023.
Abstract: Operational psychologists provide a variety of psychological services in support of national security, national defense, and public safety. Their work may include the assessment of personnel for high-risk positions, consultation to investigations and crisis negotiations, support to military or intelligence training and operations, or other types of psychological and behavioral assessments. The practice of operational psychology differs in important ways from other practice areas and has developed significantly over the past 20 years. This history has not been without controversy related to operational psychology in the context of national security interrogation and detention operations (Staal & Harvey, 2019). To address specific questions of conduct and to clarify these matters, the APA commissioned an independent review that culminated in new policy approved by the APA Council of Representatives. Debate continues around the appropriate role of psychology in national security settings (APA, 2015b; Arrigo et al., 2012; Staal, 2018). Emerging from this debate was recognition of the need for an ethical framework to inform the field of operational psychology. Given developments in the field, debate about the proper roles of psychologists in national security settings, and psychologists’ ongoing need for guidance, these Professional Practice Guidelines for Operational Psychology are provided to benefit operational psychologists, the recipients of their services, and other affected parties (APA, 2021a).
Scurich, Nicholas and Daniel Krauss. “Risk Assessment of Child-Pornography-Exclusive Offenders.” Law and Human Behavior, vol. 47, no. 4, 2023, pp. 499-509.
Abstract: Objectives: A sizeable percentage of federally sentenced child pornography offenders have no history of other criminal offenses (hereinafter “child-pornography-exclusive offenders”). There is a critical legal need to assess the recidivism risk of this population. The Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT) is a commonly used actuarial instrument developed specifically to assess the risk of recidivism among child pornography offenders. Hypotheses: We hypothesized that there would be a sound scientific basis supporting the use of the CPORT in the United States as well as research demonstrating its applicability to child-pornography-exclusive offenders, given that the instrument is currently being used in forensic settings. Method: We critically examined all of the existing empirical studies that constitute the research base of the CPORT. Results: The empirical studies of the CPORT suffer from at least three significant limitations: extremely small samples of recidivists, inordinate amounts of missing data, and potentially outdated samples. Further, none of the studies have tested the CPORT in a sample of offenders in the United States. An illustrative example of how the instrument has been misapplied in forensic settings and courtroom testimony is provided. Conclusions: These issues make it inappropriate to use the CPORT on child-pornography-exclusive offenders in the United States at this time. We conclude by describing avenues for future research that can advance our understanding of this distinct and growing population of offenders. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)
Armstrong, Jennifer, Meena Bizuneh, Shana Levin, Ellen Ketels, and Katherine M. Van Heuvelen. “Building an In-House Faculty Leadership Development Program: A Case Study at The Claremont Colleges.” The ACAD Leader, October, 2023.
Abstract: We recently shared our in-house faculty leadership program, the Claremont Faculty Leadership Program (CFLP), with the ACAD community through an interactive workshop presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Conference of Academic Deans (ACAD; Armstrong et al., 2023). In the workshop, we offered CFLP as a case study for building an effective and sustainable in-house faculty leadership program that identifies and trains emerging faculty leaders while also building community. Topics covered in CFLP include crisis management; leadership self-assessment; mindfulness in leadership; budgeting in higher education; and best practices for diversity, equity, and inclusion when recruiting and retaining faculty. CFLP leverages the unique assets of The Claremont Colleges, which is a consortium of five undergraduate and two graduate institutions located in Claremont, California, but the lessons from CFLP are generalizable to other institutions. In the hopes that others can build upon CFLP’s success, herein we offer general strategies for building, operating, assessing, and sustaining an in-house faculty leadership program tailored to one’s own institutional context.
Pratto, Felicia, Shana Levin, and Aleksandra Rusowicz. “When Empathy Predicts Greater Support for Intergroup Violence: Counter-Dominance Against the U.S. in Syria and Lebanon.” Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, vol. 5, 2023, 100166.
Abstract: For many Arabs, American power and how to contest it has been a crucial issue. We tested the novel hypothesis that people higher in empathy might support attacking the US military to enact counter-dominance. Using random samples of 200 Syrian and 198 Lebanese residents in March, 2010, we examined whether approval of violence was predicted by empathic concern and counter-dominance orientation, and the personal values underlying each. Empathic concern and counter-dominance shared the same underlying values in both countries: they were positively associated with self-transcendence and conservation, and negatively associated with self-enhancement and openness-to-change. We tested whether perceived power differences between Arabs and the U.S. moderated the extent to which support for violence was predicted by empathy. Empathy positively predicted support for violence against the U.S., especially in Syria when perceived power of the U.S. relative to Arabs was higher. Counter-dominance mediated the positive relationship between empathy and support for violence against the U.S. in both countries. The importance of power dynamics in understanding when empathy is associated with support for violence is discussed.
Bukach, Cindy M., Jane W. Couperus, and Catherine Reed. Cognitive Electrophysiology: A Multimedia E-Course. PURSUE, 2023.
Abstract: In 2023 we made the first, undergraduate-level, semester-long course in cognitive electrophysiology publicly available from our http://www.pursueerp.com website. It includes 13+ modules each containing course materials and corresponding hands-on lab exercises with EEG data (in-class labs and take-home labs). Course materials include course lecture slides, in-class active learning exercises, suggested readings, assessments, and instructor support materials. The website provides animations and simulations that can be use as class preparation activities or in-class activities. Answer keys are provided for all activities and labs. Fuller descriptions of these modules may be found at https://pursue.richmond.edu/teaching-modules/full-semester-course/. These modules are designed to be flexibly implemented based upon instructor interest, course level, and course purpose. We also provide sample syllabi and course proposal templates.
Estimated teach time: 12-14 week course, with each module typically including two to three, 45 – 60 minute classes.
Harris, Alison, Perri McElvain, Alvin Villarosa, Chandlyr Denaro, and Catherine Reed. “Individual Variability in Sensorimotor Mu Suppression to Observation of Human Actions.” Journal of Vision, vol. 23, issue 9, 2023, 5853.
Abstract: Humans are skilled at inferring emotions and intentions from the observation of others’ actions. One influential explanation for this perceptual capability is action simulation theory, which proposes that we understand body language by internally simulating, or recreating, others’ movements with our own sensorimotor systems. Supporting this idea, studies using electroencephalography (EEG) have reported that both executing movements oneself and observing the actions of others are associated with reductions in the power of the mu rhythm, a neural oscillation (8-14 Hz) over sensorimotor cortex. However, reports of “mu suppression” for action observation have been inconsistent, perhaps because most previous studies have measured mu suppression over a limited number of sensors in small samples of participants. Here we collected data in a sample of 46 participants using high-density 128-channel EEG, which we combined with previously collected data for a total sample of 98 individuals. We compared mu suppression while participants performed a motor execution task (finger tapping) and viewed point-light displays (PLDs) of whole-body movements. Consistent with previous studies, we found a significant correlation between motor execution and suppression of the mu rhythm over central sensors. However, results for observing PLDs of others’ movements were inconsistent: whereas 51% of participants displayed typical mu suppression, others showed enhancement (23%) or no differences in power (26%). These results were not explained by differences in performance on an attentional monitoring task. Thus, action simulation does not appear to be a necessary component of body movement perception. Future research should explore potential factors underlying individual differences in action simulation, such as measures of cognitive ability and explicit knowledge of nonverbal cues.
Hartley, Alan A., Aditi M. Chitre, and Catherine Reed. “Electrophysiological Concomitants of Pupillary Synchrony.” Psychophysiology, vol. 60, issue 12, 2023, e14405.
Abstract: Pupillary synchrony or contagion is the automatic unconscious mimicry of pupil dilation in dyadic interactions. This experiment explored electrophysiological event-related potential (ERP) concomitants of pupillary synchrony. Artificial pupils (black dots) were superimposed on either partial faces (eyes, nose, brow) or random textures. Observers were asked to judge dot size (large, medium, or small). There was clear evidence of pupillary synchrony with observer pupil dilation greater to large dots than to small or medium dots. The pupillary synchrony increased in magnitude throughout the trial and was found both with faces and with textures. When the stimuli were partial faces with artificial pupils (dots), there was ERP activity related to target dot size in the period at P250 and P3. A face specific N170 was also found. When the stimuli were random textures with dots, there was ERP activity at P1 and in the interval from 140 to 200 ms post-stimulus onset. The use of ERP with pupillometry revealed results for faces that were consistent with a social explanation of pupillary synchrony whereas results for textures were consistent with a local luminance explanation.
Reed, Catherine, Heather Shipley, Chandlyr Denaro, Alan Hartley, and Alison Harris. “Influence of Aging and Cognitive Load on Alpha-band Oscillation.” Journal of Vision, vol. 23, no. 9, 2023, 5862.
Abstract: Nearly a century ago, the first human measurements of brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG) identified oscillatory neural rhythms over parietal cortex between the frequencies of 8 and 14 Hz—the so-called alpha rhythm. However, despite extensive research linking alpha-band oscillations to psychological processes such as controlled knowledge access and attentional selection, the extent to which alpha-rhythms vary across states (e.g., cognitive load) has remained subject to debate. In addition, changes in alpha-band oscillations have been associated with aging possibly as a result of white-matter degeneration in regions within the default mode network (DMN), but most of this work has examined resting alpha and not task-related alpha. Here we compared alpha-band oscillations across two different age groups, younger (n = 30; 18-30 years) and older (n = 30; 57-90 years), in terms of both between-group measures of alpha power and individual variation in peak alpha frequency (PAF). We measured alpha-band oscillations across four tasks associated with increasing cognitive load: resting with eyes closed, resting with eye open, passive visual oddball, and active visual oddball. Across tasks there appeared to be overall lower PAF and alpha power in the older age group. Age also appeared to interact with increased cognitive load (i.e., across tasks). Aging affects communication within the DMN as well as other areas of the brain used in task-related activities associated with attentional control. Age may also reduce the ability of the brain to modulate alpha-band oscillations to mediate ongoing internally directed cognitive processes.
Reed, Catherine, John P. Garza, William S. Bush, Natash Parikh, Niti Nagar, and Shaun P. Vecera. “Does Hand Position Affect Orienting When No Action is Required? An Electrophysiological Study.” Frontiers in Neuroscience, vol. 16, 2023, 982005.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that attention can be biased to targets appearing near the hand that require action responses, arguing that attention to the hand facilitates upcoming action. It is unclear whether attention orients to non-targets near the hand not requiring responses. Using electroencephalography/event-related potentials (EEG/ERP), this study investigated whether hand position affected visual orienting to non-targets under conditions that manipulated the distribution of attention. We modified an attention paradigm in which stimuli were presented briefly and rapidly on either side of fixation; participants responded to infrequent targets (15%) but not standard non-targets and either a hand or a block was placed next to one stimulus location. In Experiment 1, attention was distributed across left and right stimulus locations to determine whether P1 or N1 ERP amplitudes to non-target standards were differentially influenced by hand location. In Experiment 2, attention was narrowed to only one stimulus location to determine whether attentional focus affected orienting to non-target locations near the hand. When attention was distributed across both stimulus locations, the hand increased overall N1 amplitudes relative to the block but not selectively to stimuli appearing near the hand. However, when attention was focused on one location, amplitudes were affected by the location of attentional focus and the stimulus, but not by hand or block location. Thus, hand position appears to contribute only a non-location-specific input to standards during visual orienting, but only in cases when attention is distributed across stimulus locations.
Beenen, Gerard, Marina Fiori, Shaun Pichler, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Editorial: Interpersonal Skills: Individual, Social, and Technological Implications.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 14, 2023, 1209508.
Ensari, Nurcan and Ronald E. Riggio. “Muslimophobia: Overcoming Religious Discrimination and Exclusion in the Workplace.” Inclusive Leadership: Equity and Belonging in Our Communities (Building Leadership Bridges, Vol. 9), edited by Joanne Barnes, Michael J. Stevens, Bjørn Zakarias Ekelund, and Karen Perham-Lippman. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 221-232.
Abstract: Muslimophobia, or prejudice toward Muslims, results in employment discrimination, social exclusion of Muslims, anti-Muslim hate crimes, and physical and verbal assaults, in the United States and globally. Moreover, anti-Muslim incidents are on the rise in many countries. In this chapter, we provide a review of Muslimophobia and its dynamics and consequences in the workplace. We also make suggestions for reducing prejudice toward Muslim employees, using social psychological perspectives, particularly intergroup contact theory, and research on prejudice reduction. It is also argued that leaders play an important role in the combating of Muslimophobia, including creating opportunities for personalized interactions with Muslim employees and disseminating more information about Muslims and Islam. This chapter concludes with practical implications and suggestions for future research directions. Although there is much work to be done in reducing Muslimophobia and discrimination against Muslims, social psychological research emanating from intergroup contact theory suggests that it is a viable path for researchers and practitioners to pursue.
Johnson, Stefanie, Susan Elaine Murphy, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Developing Leader Identity Across the Lifespan.” New Directions for Student Leadership, vol. 2023, issue 178, 2023, pp. 21-30.
Abstract: This article reviews foundational scholarship related to leader development, including implications of the integrative theory of leader development and the dynamic model of leader development across the lifespan. Authors provide a rationale for why college is a critical juncture for creating ethical and inclusive leaders for the future and offer suggestions for ways to enhance leadership education.
Newstead, Toby P. and Ronald E. Riggio, editors. Leadership and Virtues: Understanding and Practicing Good Leadership. Routledge, 2023.
Description: Good leadership is something every leader and organization should strive towards. This book serves as a pivotal resource in encouraging the understanding and practice of leadership and highlights how good leadership is anchored in the rich philosophy and science of virtue. Through a diverse range of perspectives, the book highlights the importance of leading with virtue, unpacks what it means to be a virtuous leader, and outlines practical strategies for developing and practicing good leadership.
Taking a virtues perspective, this cohesive collection of chapters by scholars from around the globe offers an inclusive tone and speaks to practicing and aspiring leaders worldwide. Readers are provided with a nuanced account of the nature of virtues and leadership and how the two interact on multiple levels and in multiple ways to inform the practice of good leadership. Focusing on the tradition of virtue gives this collection a robust scholarly foundation, while simultaneously providing scope for diverse views on how and why virtues inform good leadership. The book offers a balance of scholarly and practice-oriented chapters, instilling readers with a deep understanding of virtues and leadership, and practical strategies to develop their practice of good and virtuous leadership. Each chapter offers a different moral and sociological insight, serving altogether to show readers the most effective ways to use virtues to promote shared well-being and collective success.
Scholars, students of leadership and management, and leadership practitioners will benefit from the accessible and practical lessons this book has to offer. This volume will also be of interest to team leaders and managers who are keen to develop their leadership skills in both practice and theory.
Riggio, Ronald E., Kevin B. Lowe, and Lester Levy. “Why Are Followers Neglected in Leadership Research?” Organization Development Review, vol. 55, issue 3, 2023, pp. 56-60.
Abstract: Even though there is no leadership without the input and cooperation of followers, there has been very little attention paid to followers and followership in the research literature. We propose that this occurs for several reasons, including an overemphasis on the importance of leaders, the way that followers are viewed, the fact that they are aggregated and viewed as "interchangeable" in leadership research, and a lack of theory and models for followers and followership, among other reasons. We conclude with strategies to help scholars and organizations pay more attention to followers and their development.
Riggio, Ronald E. and Toby Newstead. “Crisis Leadership.” Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, vol. 10, 2023, pp. 201-224.
Abstract: There is no situation where leadership is more important than during a crisis, and yet crisis leadership is a relatively underdeveloped field. This article explores what we know and what remains unknown about crisis leadership. We begin with an overview of what crises are, including different types and key dynamics of crises. We then review four leadership theories that offer insights into crisis leadership before elucidating five key competencies for crisis leadership. Three distinct avenues for future research are proposed, including exploring the distinctions and intersections of crisis leadership and crisis management, the cross-national and intercultural implications for leading through crises, and the role of ethics in leading well through crisis. Crises are increasingly frequent and complex, warranting a concerted effort to research, teach, and develop good crisis leadership.
Wright Guerin, Diana, Allen W. Gottfried, Kathleen S. J. Preston, Adele Eskeles Gottfried, Michelle C. Ramos, Pamella H. Oliver, Chia-Hsin Emily Chang, and Ronald E. Riggio. “Latent Profile Analysis of Adolescent Temperament: Relations to Happiness and Health in Adulthood.” Journal of Adolescence, vol. 95, issue 5, 2023, pp. 933-946.
Abstract:
Introduction
This study provides long-term evidence that profiles of temperament during adolescence are associated with happiness and health over two decades later.
Methods
Data are based on the ongoing Fullerton Longitudinal Study, a community-based sample in the United States. At 14 and 16 years, adolescents (N = 111; 52% male, 90% Euro-American) and their mothers (N = 105) completed the Dimensions of Temperament Survey-Revised, a scale designed specifically to assess adolescents' temperament across a set of attributes. When adolescents reached age 38 years in 2017, they completed scales measuring comprehensive happiness and global health.
Results
Latent profile analysis (LPA), a person-centered approach, was conducted for adolescents' and for mothers' temperament ratings separately. Distinct two-profile solutions, labeled more regulated and less regulated, emerged for each informant. These were comparable in features across informants. Only the adolescents' self-rated profiles, controlling for sex and family SES, revealed a conceptually meaningful and statistically significant relation to the distal outcomes of health and happiness two decades later.
Conclusions
Adolescents with temperament profiles characterized as more regulated, in contrast to less regulated, reported being happier and healthier upon entering middle adulthood. Implications for intervention are presented.
Abdellatif, Amal, Carla Penha-Vasconcelos, Kendra Lewis-Strickland, Areli Chacon Silva, Sherylle J. Tan, and Stephanie Spadorcia. "Methodologies of Resistance: Centering Marginalized Voices within Mainstrain Leadership Research." A Research Agenda for Gender and Leadership, edited by Sherylle J. Tan and Lisa DeFrank-Cole. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 69-86.
Abstract: Attempts to understand diversity in leadership scholarship, specifically aspects of gender and leadership have focused on gender as a variable rather than as a multifaceted construct. Traditional methods of research have placed quantitative methodologies on a pedestal for some time. While quantitative indicators can be useful, diverse data is required to represent the role of gender in lived experiences (Beetham & Demetriades, 2007). This chapter will explore the use of methodologies to center the voices of those who are marginalized and to amplify feminist praxis. To truly understand the complexity of gender and leadership, we must approach our research using an intersectional lens and critical perspectives that questions who benefits and who is disadvantaged in society through non-traditional and feminist methodologies. Qualitative methodologies such as collaborative autoethnography, narrative inquiry, and testimonios are means to not only explore and examine various issues around gender and leadership, these strategies can amplify marginalized voices.
Tan, Sherylle J. and Lisa DeFrank-Cole. "Disrupting and Dismantling Invisible Systems of Exclusion." A Research Agenda for Gender and Leadership, edited by Sherylle J. Tan and Lisa DeFrank-Cole. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 175-192.
Abstract: Many systemic and organizational factors influence one’s advancement to leadership. Often these systems have their own rules and accepted practices. Organizations and societies often favor some individuals over others. Invisible systems have held back people who do not belong to the dominant group as they strive to become leaders. Even with more opportunities for women and people from marginalized groups, there continue to be obstacles to leadership for women. Critical and feminist perspectives provide a framework in which to delve deeper and explore the systems that reinforce the status quo and keep women from equal representation in leadership. This chapter explores historical leadership systems and those that currently exist and how those systems perpetuate the dominant narratives. Historical foundations and existing research on invisible systems and how they have perpetuated inequity are explored. Potential areas for future research directions across four domains of gender and leadership are offered.
Tan, Sherylle J. and Lisa DeFrank-Cole. "Gender and Leadership: What It Is, What It Was, and Where It's Going." A Research Agenda for Gender and Leadership, edited by Sherylle J. Tan and Lisa DeFrank-Cole. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023, pp. 1-12.
Abstract: This chapter gives a brief overview of the field of leadership and how its history is deeply rooted in a Western, primarily masculine, perspective. With many theories and studies emanating from the United States, the authors posit that a more inclusive perspective is needed. Past research on gender and leadership is deconstructed so that a forward-thinking research agenda will inform future action and create social change that is inclusive and equitable. Looking at gender and leadership using a critical perspective and an intersectional lens is essential. Scholars should investigate leadership by accounting for the interlocking relationships of race, sexual orientation, and gender, as well as other areas including privilege and oppression. Research has focused on gender as a demographic designation rather than a social construction, thus the authors call for further investigation about gender beyond the binary. This chapter sets the stage to inform future research on gender and leadership.
Tan, Sherylle J. and Lisa DeFrank-Cole, editors. A Research Agenda for Gender and Leadership. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 2023.
Abstract: With contributions from global leading scholars, this Research Agenda offers an interdisciplinary collection of ideas investigating gender and leadership, where we are today and where we are going. Using critical perspectives, chapters challenge the way we think about gender and leadership by questioning the status quo.
Burnell, Ryan, Sharda Umanath, and Maryanne Garry. “Collective Memories Serve Similar Functions to Autobiographical Memories.” Memory, vol. 31, issue 3, 2023, pp. 316-327.
Abstract: People from the same country often hold shared, culturally-shaped memories about important events from that country’s history, known as collective memories. Although empirical research has started to shed light on the properties of these memories, none has systematically examined the functions these memories. To what extent do collective memories serve functions? We hypothesised that collective memories serve functions for a collective similar to those that autobiographical memories serve for individuals—directive, identity, and social functions. We conducted two experiments using adapted versions of the Thinking About Life Experiences questionnaire (TALE) in which we asked people to rate the functions of their collective memories. Across both experiments, we found evidence that collective memories serve directive, identity, and social functions for the collective. These results suggest collective memories perform important roles in their collectives.
Coane, Jennifer, John Cipollini, Charlotte Beaulieu, Julianna Song, and Sharda Umanath. “The Influence of General Knowledge Test Performance on Self-Ratings of and Perceived Relationships Between Intelligence, Knowledge, and Memory.” Scientific Reports, vol. 13, no. 1, 2023, 15723.
Abstract: The present study examined how taking a general knowledge (GK) test affects perceptions of one’s intelligence, memory, and knowledge and the relationship between these three constructs. Participants rated their abilities on each construct and the strength of the relationships between them before and after completing an easy or hard GK test or control task. In Experiment 1, participants were (mis)informed that GK questions were correctly answered by 50% of the population; in Experiment 2, no such information was provided. Regardless of (mis)information about others’ performance, participants in the Hard condition believed they had a worse memory, were less knowledgeable, and were less intelligent post-task. However, the strength of the perceived relationship between GK and intelligence decreased only when participants were misled. Judgments of one’s intelligence, memory, and knowledge can be manipulated by taking a GK test, and individuals engage in self-protective behavior to reduce the potential threat to one’s self-concept.
Coane, Jennifer H., John Cipollini, Talia E. Barrett, Joshua Kavaler, and Sharda Umanath. “Lay Definitions of Intelligence, Knowledge, and Memory: Inter- and Independence of Constructs.” Journal of Intelligence, vol. 11, no. 5, 2023, pp. 84-96.
Abstract: The present study examined how lay participants define the following concepts used widely in psychology: being intelligent, knowing, and remembering. In the scientific community, knowledge overlaps with the contents of semantic memory, crystallized intelligence reflects the accumulation of knowledge, knowledge and event memory interact, and fluid intelligence and working memory correlate. Naturally, the lay public has implicit theories of these constructs. These theories mainly distinguish between intelligent and unintelligent behaviors and tend to include characteristics outside psychometric studies of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence. Here, we asked lay participants from the online platform Prolific to explain “what does being intelligent mean to you?” as well as “knowing” and “remembering” to understand their degree of alignment with theoretical conceptualizations in the research community. Qualitative coding of participant definitions showed that intelligence and knowledge are closely related, but asymmetrically—when defining what it means to be intelligent, participants reference knowledge, but intelligence is not considered in explaining knowing. Although participants note that intelligence is multi-faceted and related to problem-solving, there is an emphasis (in terms of frequency of mentions) on the crystallized side of intelligence (i.e., knowledge). A deeper understanding of lay participants’ mental models of these constructs (i.e., their metacognitions) is essential for bridging gaps between experts and the general public.
Umanath, Sharda, Jennifer H. Coane, Mark J. Huff, Tamar Cimenian, and Kai Chang. “Ecological Validity of Don’t Remember and Don’t Know for Distinguishing Accessibility- Versus Availability-Based Retrieval Failures in Older and Younger Adults: Knowledge for News Events.” Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, vol. 8, issue 1, 2023, pp. 1-17.
Abstract: With pursuit of incremental progress and generalizability of findings in mind, we examined a possible boundary for older and younger adults’ metacognitive distinction between what is not stored in memory versus merely inaccessible with materials that are not process pure to knowledge or events: information regarding news events. Participants were asked questions about public events such as celebrity news, tragedies, and political events that were widely experienced in the previous 10–12 years, responding “I don’t know” (DK) or “I don’t remember” (DR) when retrieval failed. Memories of these events are relatively recently acquired in rich, naturalistic contexts and are likely not fully separated from episodic details. When retrieval failed, DR items were recognized with higher accuracy than DK items, both immediately and 2 years later, confirming that self-reported not remembering reflects failures of accessibility, whereas not knowing better captures a lack of availability. In fact, older adults distinguished between the causes of retrieval failures more precisely than younger adults. Together, these findings advance the reliability, validity, and generalizability of using DR and DK as a metacognitive tool to address the phenomenological experience and behavioral consequences of retrieval failures of information that contains both semantic and episodic features. Implications for metacognition in aging and related constructs like familiarity, remembering, and knowing are discussed.
Umanath, Sharda, Talia E. Barrett, Stacy Kim, Cole A. Walsh, and Jennifer H. Coane. “Older Adults Recover More Marginal Knowledge and Use Feedback More Effectively Than Younger Adults: Evidence Using “I Don’t Know” vs. “I Don’t Remember” for General Knowledge Questions.” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 14, 2023, 1145278.
Abstract: Through three experiments, we examined older and younger adults’ metacognitive ability to distinguish between what is not stored in the knowledge base versus merely inaccessible. Difficult materials were selected to test this ability when retrieval failures were very frequent. Of particular interest was the influence of feedback (and lack thereof) in potential new learning and recovery of marginal knowledge across age groups. Participants answered short-answer general knowledge questions, responding “I do not know” (DK) or “I do not remember” (DR) when retrieval failed. After DKs, performance on a subsequent multiple-choice (Exp. 1) and short-answer test following correct-answer feedback (Exp. 2) was lower than after DRs, supporting self-reported not remembering reflects failures of accessibility whereas not knowing captures a lack of availability. Yet, older adults showed a tendency to answer more DK questions correctly on the final tests than younger adults. Experiment 3 was a replication and extension of Experiment 2 including two groups of online participants in which one group was not provided correct answer feedback during the initial short-answer test. This allowed us to examine the degree to which any new learning and recovery of access to marginal knowledge was occurring across the age groups. Together, the findings indicate that (1) metacognitive awareness regarding underlying causes of retrieval failures is maintained across different distributions of knowledge accessibility, (2) older adults use correct answer feedback more effectively than younger adults, and (3) in the absence of feedback, older adults spontaneously recover marginal knowledge.
External Grant: Umanath, Sharda, Maryanne Garry, and Yui Fukushima. Sub-Award of the “Collective Memory Collaborative.” James S. McDonnell Foundation to Washington University in St. Louis. 2023, $750,000.
External Grant: Umanath, Sharda. Program (CAREER) Award #1941404. National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) Supplement for Faculty Early Career Development, 2023.